Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by
Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production—to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society.
Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society.
It includes
culture,
ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs),
norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so,
justifies the power of the ruling class.