Watch older, thicker Arctic ice decline each week from 1990 to 2015

[RollingThunder]

NOAA recently put together some time lapse satellite photography using photos taken every week for the last 25 years by polar orbiting satellites. It provides a stunning look at the true extent of the Arctic ice loss over just the last two and a half decades. The ice there was even thicker and larger in the 1950s than in the 1990s, much more so, according to data from shipping and Naval records.

The Arctic is warming at several times the rate as the rest of the planet. This has major consequences for many Northern Hemisphere weather systems and patterns, as we have witnessed here in America in recent winters. The Arctic Ice Cap has already shrunk enormously in extent and thickness. The northern glaciers in Alaska and Asia are melting faster. Greenland is melting faster and scientists have determined that it has lost 9 trillion tonnes of ice in the last century, with most of the loss in the last 30 years, adding to sea level rise.

This article explains it all pretty clearly and contains two short NOAA videos about the ice at the North Pole. Be sure to watch at least the first video showing the ice over time.

The Arctic Ice is melting faster than the global average
The Marshalltown
BY TAYLOR AUSTEN
12 JANUARY 2016



The climate change in the Arctic has been at least twice as fast as the global average. So Arctic Ocean ice levels are in decline.

Now, US scientists prepares a new time laps to show how large ice packs which survive more than one summer are becoming less frequent occurrences.

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005.

Each year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean builds up in the winter months and thin ice melts away during summer.

However, recently the change seems to be more dramatic. Old, multilayered icebergs are in decline and this visualization by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) makes everything clear related to how the Arctic is "warming faster than the global average."

Using satellite data, the video describes the decline of nine years or older ice packs from 1990 to 2015.

Sea ice in the Arctic can be characterized by areal extent, thickness, age, and movement.

The conditions on top of sea ice, such as the snow thickness and melt ponds, are alsoimportant. The oldest packs, shown in white, can be seen to deplete dramatically around 2008 amid the darkest blue seasonal ice.



According to the NOAA 2015 Arctic Report Card, last winter, - 'The spread of sea ice in the area was "the smallest on record" and the "melt season was 30 to 40 days longer than average" in the northern regions of Greenland'.

"Since the 1980s, the amount of multiyear ice has declined dramatically. In 1985, 20 percent of the ice pack was very old ice, but in March 2015 old ice only constituted three percent of the ice pack," it added.

The ice retreat is having an impact on wildlife, said the NOAA, changing the habitat for creatures such as walruses, who have to travel further for mating or birthing areas.

In September 2015, NASA reported that sea ice concentration was the fourth lowest on record since observations from space began.

 

[saveliberty]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

 

[depotoo]

Why only start 25 years ago?

 

[kflaux]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

This is SEA ICE.

It is ALREADY IN THE WATER.

Ergo its melting does not affect sea levels.

The significance of the melting of Arctic sea ice lies primarily in 1) acceleration of the amplifying feedback loop in which less ice means more sunlight hits water and is absorbed rather than reflected, therefore further warming the water and melting more ice; and 2) the fact that the Arctic sea ice has a profound influence on planetary weather patterns. Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice.

As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

 

[saveliberty]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

This is SEA ICE.

It is ALREADY IN THE WATER.

Ergo its melting does not affect sea levels.

The significance of the melting of Arctic sea ice lies primarily in 1) acceleration of the amplifying feedback loop in which less ice means more sunlight hits water and is absorbed rather than reflected, therefore further warming the water and melting more ice; and 2) the fact that the Arctic sea ice has a profound influence on planetary weather patterns. Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice.

As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Wrong, the molecular structure of ice is different from water. Also Hudson Bay which extends into the Artic Sea has been open before during recorded history.

 

[kflaux]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

This is SEA ICE.

It is ALREADY IN THE WATER.

Ergo its melting does not affect sea levels.

The significance of the melting of Arctic sea ice lies primarily in 1) acceleration of the amplifying feedback loop in which less ice means more sunlight hits water and is absorbed rather than reflected, therefore further warming the water and melting more ice; and 2) the fact that the Arctic sea ice has a profound influence on planetary weather patterns. Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice.

As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Wrong, the molecular structure of ice is different from water. Also Hudson Bay which extends into the Artic Sea has been open before during recorded history.

Archimedes' principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The crystal structure of ice is irrelevant. The weight of the ice is already displacing water.

Now repeat after me:

"Eureka!!!"

 

[RollingThunder]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

How could you possibly think that? Are you that ignorants about basic stuff, like the sheer size of the oceans, or the fact that the Arctic Ice Cap is floating sea ice?

 

[koshergrl]

NOAA recently put together some time lapse satellite photography using photos taken every week for the last 25 years by polar orbiting satellites. It provides a stunning look at the true extent of the Arctic ice loss over just the last two and a half decades. The ice there was even thicker and larger in the 1950s than in the 1990s, much more so, according to data from shipping and Naval records.

The Arctic is warming at several times the rate as the rest of the planet. This has major consequences for many Northern Hemisphere weather systems and patterns, as we have witnessed here in America in recent winters. The Arctic Ice Cap has already shrunk enormously in extent and thickness. The northern glaciers in Alaska and Asia are melting faster. Greenland is melting faster and scientists have determined that it has lost 9 trillion tonnes of ice in the last century, with most of the loss in the last 30 years, adding to sea level rise.

This article explains it all pretty clearly and contains two short NOAA videos about the ice at the North Pole. Be sure to watch at least the first video showing the ice over time.

The Arctic Ice is melting faster than the global average
The Marshalltown
BY TAYLOR AUSTEN
12 JANUARY 2016



The climate change in the Arctic has been at least twice as fast as the global average. So Arctic Ocean ice levels are in decline.

Now, US scientists prepares a new time laps to show how large ice packs which survive more than one summer are becoming less frequent occurrences.

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005.

Each year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean builds up in the winter months and thin ice melts away during summer.

However, recently the change seems to be more dramatic. Old, multilayered icebergs are in decline and this visualization by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) makes everything clear related to how the Arctic is "warming faster than the global average."

Using satellite data, the video describes the decline of nine years or older ice packs from 1990 to 2015.

Sea ice in the Arctic can be characterized by areal extent, thickness, age, and movement.

The conditions on top of sea ice, such as the snow thickness and melt ponds, are alsoimportant. The oldest packs, shown in white, can be seen to deplete dramatically around 2008 amid the darkest blue seasonal ice.



According to the NOAA 2015 Arctic Report Card, last winter, - 'The spread of sea ice in the area was "the smallest on record" and the "melt season was 30 to 40 days longer than average" in the northern regions of Greenland'.

"Since the 1980s, the amount of multiyear ice has declined dramatically. In 1985, 20 percent of the ice pack was very old ice, but in March 2015 old ice only constituted three percent of the ice pack," it added.

The ice retreat is having an impact on wildlife, said the NOAA, changing the habitat for creatures such as walruses, who have to travel further for mating or birthing areas.

In September 2015, NASA reported that sea ice concentration was the fourth lowest on record since observations from space began.

aaaaaaaand.....?

 

[RollingThunder]

Hudson Bay which extends into the Artic Sea has been open before during recorded history.

Possibly....so what?

Nobody is talking about "Hudson Bay".

The melting of the Arctic Ice Cap has been happening for many decades, but in the last 8 years or so it has been melting enough to open up the (previously only fabled but actually, previously, non-existent) Northwest Passage enough that it is possible for some limited shipping to pass through, and that is the first time that's even been possible in AT LEAST the last 5000 years, according to scientific studies of the Arctic Ice Cap.

Arctic Meltdown Opens Fabled Northwest Passage
LiveScience
by Ker Than
September 14, 2007
A fabled sea route above North America linking the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans has become a reality thanks to global warming

.

Scientists have confirmed that in August, Arctic sea ice shrank to its lowest levels since satellite measurements began monitoring the region nearly 30 years ago. One consequence of this is that the Northwest Passage has opened up much earlier than expected.

"We're several decades ahead of schedule right now," said Mark Serreze, a senior scientist at the University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center, which monitors the region.

The premature opening of the passage does not mean that climate models are unreliable, only that their predictions have been far too conservative, Serreze said. "They're getting the right trajectory, but they're too slow," he said.

Shorter sailing

The legendary passage was first navigated with great difficulty and using a relatively small ship by explorer Roald Amundsen in 1903 to 1906. Predictions for the opening of the Northwest Passage have ranged from 2012 to 2080 at their most conservative.

Fully navigable, the Northwest Passage will make the trip 4,000 miles shorter for ships traveling between Europe and Asia, allowing them to avoid the Panama Canal. The Passage was partially open for a time in 1998, but sailing a ship through at time would have been tricky, Serreze said.

"I wouldn't have wanted to try it" in 1998, Serreze told LiveScience. "Through the years, it's become increasingly open, but still really had not remained open in any kind of viable way. 2007 is really the first year."

A ship attempting the passage now would have "clear sailing," Serreze said. "You'd go in through the Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, then a little north of Banks Island and then go through the passage."

Scientists predict that the Northwest Passage will be open much more frequently from now on, but that it will still not be a year-round option for ships. "Ice will still be there in the winter, because even in the greenhouse-warmed world, there's winter in the Arctic," Serreze said.

The premature opening of the Northwest Passage could mean that the Artic Ocean in general could be ice-free much earlier than climate models have predicted. "The notion of coming to an ice free Arctic Ocean even by 2030 is not totally unreasonable," Serreze said.

Models previously predicted the ice would clear sometime around the middle of the century.

Reasons unclear

Recent observations by the European Space Agency's Envisat satellite have shown that from 2006 to 2007, ice in the Arctic decreased by about 386,000 square miles (1 million square kilometers).

"The strong reduction in just one year certainly raises flags that the ice (in summer) may disappear much sooner than expected and that we urgently need to understand better the processes involved," said Leif Toudal Pedersen of the Danish National Space Center.

It could be that natural climate processes are helping to accelerate the effects of global warming, Serreze said.

"We're scratching our heads right now," he said. "There's a lot of factors that can be involved here."
***

Arctic sea ice extent breaks 2007 record low
NSIDC
AUGUST 27th, 2012

Arctic sea ice extent settles at record seasonal minimum
NSIDC
September 19th, 2012
On September 16, 2012 sea ice extent dropped to 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles). This appears to have been the lowest extent of the year. In response to the setting sun and falling temperatures, ice extent will now climb through autumn and winter. However, a shift in wind patterns or a period of late season melt could still push the ice extent lower. The minimum extent was reached three days later than the 1979 to 2000 average minimum date of September 13.

This year’s minimum was 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous record minimum extent in the satellite record, which occurred on September 18, 2007. This is an area about the size of the state of Texas. The September 2012 minimum was in turn 3.29 million square kilometers (1.27 million square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average minimum, representing an area nearly twice the size of the state of Alaska. This year’s minimum is 18% below 2007 and 49% below the 1979 to 2000 average.

Overall there was a loss of 11.83 million square kilometers (4.57 million square miles) of ice since the maximum extent occurred on March 20, 2012, which is the largest summer ice extent loss in the satellite record, more than one million square kilometers greater than in any previous year.

The six lowest seasonal minimum ice extents in the satellite record have all occurred in the last six years (2007 to 2012).

 

[westwall]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

This is SEA ICE.

It is ALREADY IN THE WATER.

Ergo its melting does not affect sea levels.

The significance of the melting of Arctic sea ice lies primarily in 1) acceleration of the amplifying feedback loop in which less ice means more sunlight hits water and is absorbed rather than reflected, therefore further warming the water and melting more ice; and 2) the fact that the Arctic sea ice has a profound influence on planetary weather patterns. Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice.

As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past. This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam.

Period.

 

[westwall]

Hudson Bay which extends into the Artic Sea has been open before during recorded history.

Possibly....so what?

Nobody is talking about "Hudson Bay".

The melting of the Arctic Ice Cap has been happening for many decades, but in the last 8 years or so it has been melting enough to open up the (previously only fabled but actually, previously, non-existent) Northwest Passage enough that it is possible for some limited shipping to pass through, and that is the first time that's even been possible in AT LEAST the last 5000 years, according to scientific studies of the Arctic Ice Cap.

Arctic Meltdown Opens Fabled Northwest Passage
LiveScience
by Ker Than
September 14, 2007
A fabled sea route above North America linking the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans has become a reality thanks to global warming

.

Scientists have confirmed that in August, Arctic sea ice shrank to its lowest levels since satellite measurements began monitoring the region nearly 30 years ago. One consequence of this is that the Northwest Passage has opened up much earlier than expected.

"We're several decades ahead of schedule right now," said Mark Serreze, a senior scientist at the University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center, which monitors the region.

The premature opening of the passage does not mean that climate models are unreliable, only that their predictions have been far too conservative, Serreze said. "They're getting the right trajectory, but they're too slow," he said.

Shorter sailing

The legendary passage was first navigated with great difficulty and using a relatively small ship by explorer Roald Amundsen in 1903 to 1906. Predictions for the opening of the Northwest Passage have ranged from 2012 to 2080 at their most conservative.

Fully navigable, the Northwest Passage will make the trip 4,000 miles shorter for ships traveling between Europe and Asia, allowing them to avoid the Panama Canal. The Passage was partially open for a time in 1998, but sailing a ship through at time would have been tricky, Serreze said.

"I wouldn't have wanted to try it" in 1998, Serreze told LiveScience. "Through the years, it's become increasingly open, but still really had not remained open in any kind of viable way. 2007 is really the first year."

A ship attempting the passage now would have "clear sailing," Serreze said. "You'd go in through the Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, then a little north of Banks Island and then go through the passage."

Scientists predict that the Northwest Passage will be open much more frequently from now on, but that it will still not be a year-round option for ships. "Ice will still be there in the winter, because even in the greenhouse-warmed world, there's winter in the Arctic," Serreze said.

The premature opening of the Northwest Passage could mean that the Artic Ocean in general could be ice-free much earlier than climate models have predicted. "The notion of coming to an ice free Arctic Ocean even by 2030 is not totally unreasonable," Serreze said.

Models previously predicted the ice would clear sometime around the middle of the century.

Reasons unclear

Recent observations by the European Space Agency's Envisat satellite have shown that from 2006 to 2007, ice in the Arctic decreased by about 386,000 square miles (1 million square kilometers).

"The strong reduction in just one year certainly raises flags that the ice (in summer) may disappear much sooner than expected and that we urgently need to understand better the processes involved," said Leif Toudal Pedersen of the Danish National Space Center.

It could be that natural climate processes are helping to accelerate the effects of global warming, Serreze said.

"We're scratching our heads right now," he said. "There's a lot of factors that can be involved here."
***

Arctic sea ice extent breaks 2007 record low
NSIDC
AUGUST 27th, 2012

Arctic sea ice extent settles at record seasonal minimum
NSIDC
September 19th, 2012
On September 16, 2012 sea ice extent dropped to 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles). This appears to have been the lowest extent of the year. In response to the setting sun and falling temperatures, ice extent will now climb through autumn and winter. However, a shift in wind patterns or a period of late season melt could still push the ice extent lower. The minimum extent was reached three days later than the 1979 to 2000 average minimum date of September 13.

This year’s minimum was 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous record minimum extent in the satellite record, which occurred on September 18, 2007. This is an area about the size of the state of Texas. The September 2012 minimum was in turn 3.29 million square kilometers (1.27 million square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average minimum, representing an area nearly twice the size of the state of Alaska. This year’s minimum is 18% below 2007 and 49% below the 1979 to 2000 average.

Overall there was a loss of 11.83 million square kilometers (4.57 million square miles) of ice since the maximum extent occurred on March 20, 2012, which is the largest summer ice extent loss in the satellite record, more than one million square kilometers greater than in any previous year.

The six lowest seasonal minimum ice extents in the satellite record have all occurred in the last six years (2007 to 2012).

Big deal. The reality is it's a lot of hype.



"Indeed, the research found that for most of the ice, average thickness was between 2 and 3 meters. They added that while there was high variability in ice thickness, “there are large numbers of thick ice features with thicknesses of more than 4 m over distances of more than 100 m which have the largest probability to survive through the summer.”

“Even in today’s climate ice conditions must still be considered severe,” the authors wrote.

Granted, ice does decline significantly towards summer, reaching a low point in the early fall. Environment Canada, for instance, lists data showing that minimum ice coverage of waters of the passage often declines below 5 percent at these low moments."



The Arctic is melting — but shipping through the Northwest Passage is another story

 

[Wyatt earp]

NOAA recently put together some time lapse satellite photography using photos taken every week for the last 25 years by polar orbiting satellites. It provides a stunning look at the true extent of the Arctic ice loss over just the last two and a half decades. The ice there was even thicker and larger in the 1950s than in the 1990s, much more so, according to data from shipping and Naval records.

The Arctic is warming at several times the rate as the rest of the planet. This has major consequences for many Northern Hemisphere weather systems and patterns, as we have witnessed here in America in recent winters. The Arctic Ice Cap has already shrunk enormously in extent and thickness. The northern glaciers in Alaska and Asia are melting faster. Greenland is melting faster and scientists have determined that it has lost 9 trillion tonnes of ice in the last century, with most of the loss in the last 30 years, adding to sea level rise.

This article explains it all pretty clearly and contains two short NOAA videos about the ice at the North Pole. Be sure to watch at least the first video showing the ice over time.

The Arctic Ice is melting faster than the global average
The Marshalltown
BY TAYLOR AUSTEN
12 JANUARY 2016



The climate change in the Arctic has been at least twice as fast as the global average. So Arctic Ocean ice levels are in decline.

Now, US scientists prepares a new time laps to show how large ice packs which survive more than one summer are becoming less frequent occurrences.

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005.

Each year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean builds up in the winter months and thin ice melts away during summer.

However, recently the change seems to be more dramatic. Old, multilayered icebergs are in decline and this visualization by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) makes everything clear related to how the Arctic is "warming faster than the global average."

Using satellite data, the video describes the decline of nine years or older ice packs from 1990 to 2015.

Sea ice in the Arctic can be characterized by areal extent, thickness, age, and movement.

The conditions on top of sea ice, such as the snow thickness and melt ponds, are alsoimportant. The oldest packs, shown in white, can be seen to deplete dramatically around 2008 amid the darkest blue seasonal ice.



According to the NOAA 2015 Arctic Report Card, last winter, - 'The spread of sea ice in the area was "the smallest on record" and the "melt season was 30 to 40 days longer than average" in the northern regions of Greenland'.

"Since the 1980s, the amount of multiyear ice has declined dramatically. In 1985, 20 percent of the ice pack was very old ice, but in March 2015 old ice only constituted three percent of the ice pack," it added.

The ice retreat is having an impact on wildlife, said the NOAA, changing the habitat for creatures such as walruses, who have to travel further for mating or birthing areas.

In September 2015, NASA reported that sea ice concentration was the fourth lowest on record since observations from space began.

Why do you always have to post like a 2 year old ? No one takes it seriously, I feel like I am reading cat n the hat.

 

[RollingThunder]

Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice. As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past.

Another fraudulent anti-science denier cult myth.

The whole Earth has never warmed up like this in recorded human history. It has never been as warm as it is now for at least the last 5 or 6 thousand years, and probably much longer, back over 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial.

The Earth has very seldom EVER warmed as fast as it is warming now in all of the geological history that the geologists have been able to decipher. When it has very rapidly warmed in the past, mass extinctions have resulted.

Mass Extinctions Tied to Past Climate Changes
Fossil and temperature records over the past 520 million years show a correlation between extinctions and climate change
Scientific American
By David Biello
October 24, 2007
Roughly 251 million years ago, an estimated 70 percent of land plants and animals died, along with 84 percent of ocean organisms—an event known as the end Permian extinction. The cause is unknown but it is known that this period was also an extremely warm one. A new analysis of the temperature and fossil records over the past 520 million years reveals that the end of the Permian is not alone in this association: global warming is consistently associated with planetwide die-offs.

"There have been three major greenhouse phases in the time period we analyzed and the peaks in temperature of each coincide with mass extinctions," says ecologist Peter Mayhew of the University of York in England, who led the research examining the fossil and temperature records. "The fossil record and temperature data sets already existed but nobody had looked at the relationships between them."

Pairing these data - the relative number of different shallow sea organisms extant during a given time period and the record of temperature encased in the varying levels of oxygen isotopes in their shells over 10 million year intervals - reveals that eras with relatively high concentrations of greenhouse gases bode ill for the number of species on Earth. "The rule appears to be that greenhouse worlds adversely affect biodiversity," Mayhew says.

That also bodes ill for the fate of species currently on Earth as the global temperatures continue to rise to levels similar to those seen during the Permian. "The risk of future extinction through rapid global warming is primarily expected to occur through mismatches between the climates to which organisms are adapted in their current range and the future distribution of those climates," Mayhew and his colleagues write in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, though it may also be that warmer temperatures lead to less hospitable seas, he adds.

That is not to say that global warming was the cause of this Permian wipeout or that all mass extinctions are associated with warmer worlds - witness the disappearance of 60 percent of different groups of marine organisms during the cooling at the end of the Ordovician period roughly 430 million years ago. But these scientists argue that the evidence of a link between climate change and mass extinctions gives reason to be concerned for the future. "We need to know the mechanism behind the associations and we need to know if associations of this sort also occur in shorter-term climatic fluctuations," Mayhew says. "That will help us decide if this is really a worry for the next generation or if the threat is merely a distant future threat."

This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam. Period.

Your absurd paranoid crackpot conspiracy theories about all of the scientists in the world are hilariously insane.

 

[saveliberty]

Gee, the oceans must be flooding all the coastal regions of the US....NOT

How could you possibly think that? Are you that ignorants about basic stuff, like the sheer size of the oceans, or the fact that the Arctic Ice Cap is floating sea ice?

I know as ice melts not all of it ends up in oceans and seas. Some ends up in the atmosphere. Also, Faithers claim melting ice will cause coastal areas to flood. So your, "shear size of the oceans" comment is ignorant according to your folklore.

 

[westwall]

Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice. As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past.

Another fraudulent anti-science denier cult myth.

The whole Earth has never warmed up like this in recorded human history. It has never been as warm as it is now for at least the last 5 or 6 thousand years, and probably much longer, back over 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial.

The Earth has very seldom EVER warmed as fast as it is warming now in all of the geological history that the geologists have been able to decipher. When it has very rapidly warmed in the past, mass extinctions have resulted.

Mass Extinctions Tied to Past Climate Changes
Fossil and temperature records over the past 520 million years show a correlation between extinctions and climate change
Scientific American
By David Biello
October 24, 2007
Roughly 251 million years ago, an estimated 70 percent of land plants and animals died, along with 84 percent of ocean organisms—an event known as the end Permian extinction. The cause is unknown but it is known that this period was also an extremely warm one. A new analysis of the temperature and fossil records over the past 520 million years reveals that the end of the Permian is not alone in this association: global warming is consistently associated with planetwide die-offs.

"There have been three major greenhouse phases in the time period we analyzed and the peaks in temperature of each coincide with mass extinctions," says ecologist Peter Mayhew of the University of York in England, who led the research examining the fossil and temperature records. "The fossil record and temperature data sets already existed but nobody had looked at the relationships between them."

Pairing these data - the relative number of different shallow sea organisms extant during a given time period and the record of temperature encased in the varying levels of oxygen isotopes in their shells over 10 million year intervals - reveals that eras with relatively high concentrations of greenhouse gases bode ill for the number of species on Earth. "The rule appears to be that greenhouse worlds adversely affect biodiversity," Mayhew says.

That also bodes ill for the fate of species currently on Earth as the global temperatures continue to rise to levels similar to those seen during the Permian. "The risk of future extinction through rapid global warming is primarily expected to occur through mismatches between the climates to which organisms are adapted in their current range and the future distribution of those climates," Mayhew and his colleagues write in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, though it may also be that warmer temperatures lead to less hospitable seas, he adds.

That is not to say that global warming was the cause of this Permian wipeout or that all mass extinctions are associated with warmer worlds - witness the disappearance of 60 percent of different groups of marine organisms during the cooling at the end of the Ordovician period roughly 430 million years ago. But these scientists argue that the evidence of a link between climate change and mass extinctions gives reason to be concerned for the future. "We need to know the mechanism behind the associations and we need to know if associations of this sort also occur in shorter-term climatic fluctuations," Mayhew says. "That will help us decide if this is really a worry for the next generation or if the threat is merely a distant future threat."

This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam. Period.

Your absurd paranoid crackpot conspiracy theories about all of the scientists in the world are hilariously insane.

Through the magic of computer derived fiction I can link mass extinctions to the inane postings of trolling blunder too. Amazing how that works. The fact is NO mass extinction event has a shred of empirical data to support the thought that warmth was the cause. None. There is plenty that shows COLD to have been the cause in the form of glacial striations all over the world that coincide with mass extinctions.

Leave it to the anti science denying cult doofi, such as yourself, to ignore actual real evidence in favor of fiction.

 

[jc456]

Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice. As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past.

Another fraudulent anti-science denier cult myth.

The whole Earth has never warmed up like this in recorded human history. It has never been as warm as it is now for at least the last 5 or 6 thousand years, and probably much longer, back over 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial.

The Earth has very seldom EVER warmed as fast as it is warming now in all of the geological history that the geologists have been able to decipher. When it has very rapidly warmed in the past, mass extinctions have resulted.

Mass Extinctions Tied to Past Climate Changes
Fossil and temperature records over the past 520 million years show a correlation between extinctions and climate change
Scientific American
By David Biello
October 24, 2007
Roughly 251 million years ago, an estimated 70 percent of land plants and animals died, along with 84 percent of ocean organisms—an event known as the end Permian extinction. The cause is unknown but it is known that this period was also an extremely warm one. A new analysis of the temperature and fossil records over the past 520 million years reveals that the end of the Permian is not alone in this association: global warming is consistently associated with planetwide die-offs.

"There have been three major greenhouse phases in the time period we analyzed and the peaks in temperature of each coincide with mass extinctions," says ecologist Peter Mayhew of the University of York in England, who led the research examining the fossil and temperature records. "The fossil record and temperature data sets already existed but nobody had looked at the relationships between them."

Pairing these data - the relative number of different shallow sea organisms extant during a given time period and the record of temperature encased in the varying levels of oxygen isotopes in their shells over 10 million year intervals - reveals that eras with relatively high concentrations of greenhouse gases bode ill for the number of species on Earth. "The rule appears to be that greenhouse worlds adversely affect biodiversity," Mayhew says.

That also bodes ill for the fate of species currently on Earth as the global temperatures continue to rise to levels similar to those seen during the Permian. "The risk of future extinction through rapid global warming is primarily expected to occur through mismatches between the climates to which organisms are adapted in their current range and the future distribution of those climates," Mayhew and his colleagues write in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, though it may also be that warmer temperatures lead to less hospitable seas, he adds.

That is not to say that global warming was the cause of this Permian wipeout or that all mass extinctions are associated with warmer worlds - witness the disappearance of 60 percent of different groups of marine organisms during the cooling at the end of the Ordovician period roughly 430 million years ago. But these scientists argue that the evidence of a link between climate change and mass extinctions gives reason to be concerned for the future. "We need to know the mechanism behind the associations and we need to know if associations of this sort also occur in shorter-term climatic fluctuations," Mayhew says. "That will help us decide if this is really a worry for the next generation or if the threat is merely a distant future threat."

This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam. Period.

Your absurd paranoid crackpot conspiracy theories about all of the scientists in the world are hilariously insane.

no shit, sherlock. WTF, how could it have since there have been ice ages before humans. WTF is wrong with you dolts? holy mother of god, what a douche-bag.

 

[RollingThunder]

Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice. As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past.

Another fraudulent anti-science denier cult myth.

The whole Earth has never warmed up like this in recorded human history. It has never been as warm as it is now for at least the last 5 or 6 thousand years, and probably much longer, back over 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial.

The Earth has very seldom EVER warmed as fast as it is warming now in all of the geological history that the geologists have been able to decipher. When it has very rapidly warmed in the past, mass extinctions have resulted.

Mass Extinctions Tied to Past Climate Changes
Fossil and temperature records over the past 520 million years show a correlation between extinctions and climate change
Scientific American
By David Biello
October 24, 2007
Roughly 251 million years ago, an estimated 70 percent of land plants and animals died, along with 84 percent of ocean organisms—an event known as the end Permian extinction. The cause is unknown but it is known that this period was also an extremely warm one. A new analysis of the temperature and fossil records over the past 520 million years reveals that the end of the Permian is not alone in this association: global warming is consistently associated with planetwide die-offs.

"There have been three major greenhouse phases in the time period we analyzed and the peaks in temperature of each coincide with mass extinctions," says ecologist Peter Mayhew of the University of York in England, who led the research examining the fossil and temperature records. "The fossil record and temperature data sets already existed but nobody had looked at the relationships between them."

Pairing these data - the relative number of different shallow sea organisms extant during a given time period and the record of temperature encased in the varying levels of oxygen isotopes in their shells over 10 million year intervals - reveals that eras with relatively high concentrations of greenhouse gases bode ill for the number of species on Earth. "The rule appears to be that greenhouse worlds adversely affect biodiversity," Mayhew says.

That also bodes ill for the fate of species currently on Earth as the global temperatures continue to rise to levels similar to those seen during the Permian. "The risk of future extinction through rapid global warming is primarily expected to occur through mismatches between the climates to which organisms are adapted in their current range and the future distribution of those climates," Mayhew and his colleagues write in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, though it may also be that warmer temperatures lead to less hospitable seas, he adds.

That is not to say that global warming was the cause of this Permian wipeout or that all mass extinctions are associated with warmer worlds - witness the disappearance of 60 percent of different groups of marine organisms during the cooling at the end of the Ordovician period roughly 430 million years ago. But these scientists argue that the evidence of a link between climate change and mass extinctions gives reason to be concerned for the future. "We need to know the mechanism behind the associations and we need to know if associations of this sort also occur in shorter-term climatic fluctuations," Mayhew says. "That will help us decide if this is really a worry for the next generation or if the threat is merely a distant future threat."

This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam. Period.

Your absurd paranoid crackpot conspiracy theories about all of the scientists in the world are hilariously insane.

The fact is NO mass extinction event has a
shred of empirical data to support the thought that warmth was the cause. None.

The Dunning-Kruger Effect strikes again.

Ignorant clueless uneducated denier cult trolls imagine that they know everything...far more than mere scientists who have only collectively studied some areas of interest for over a century.

A few examples....

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Wikipedia
Climate change during the last 65 million years as expressed by the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is characterized by a brief but prominent negative excursion, attributed to rapid warming. Note that the excursion is understated in this graph due to the smoothing of data.

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), alternatively "Eocene thermal maximum 1" (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum" refers to a climate event that began at the temporal boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. The absolute age and duration of the event remain uncertain, but are thought to be close to 55.8 million years ago and about 170,000 years of duration[1][2][3] The PETM has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides our best past analog by which to understand impacts of global warming and massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere, including ocean acidification.[4]

The onset of the PETM has been linked to an initial 5 °C temperature rise and extreme changes in Earth’s carbon cycle.[5] The PETM is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope (δ13C) records from around the globe; more specifically, there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon.[5][6][7]

Numerous other changes can be observed in stratigraphic sections containing the PETM.[5] Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers. For example, in the marine realm, a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera, a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates, and an appearance of excursion, planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM. On land, there was a sudden appearance of modern mammal orders (including primates) in Europe and North America. Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval.

It is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a “case study” for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth’s surface.
***

The great mass extinctions
The Washington Post
By Bonnie Berkowitz and Alberto Cuadra
June 29, 2015
(excerpts)
Scientists have identified five times when a huge portion of Earth’s species died out relatively rapidly. Each time, something created an upheaval that altered the planet faster than those species could adapt. A growing number of scientists think we are a few hundred years into a sixth mass extinction, possibly the fastest one yet. And the cause of the upheaval, they say, is human activity.

End Permian (252 million years ago) Some scholars say up to 98 percent of all Earth’s species disappeared in “The Great Dying,” the largest mass extinction. Notable among them were trilobites, two groups of coral, giant sea scorpions and large, mammallike reptiles. Life was not so diverse again for 10 million to 20 million years.

Probable cause: Continental movement caused a massive flood basalt in what is now Siberia. (Flood basalts are volcano-like formations that release magma flows.) Resulting greenhouse gases caused global warming and effected oceans by increasing acidity and decreasing oxygen. Sauroctonus species lost 90%

Late Triassic (201 million years ago) This period spelled the end for most large amphibians and mammallike reptiles, as well as sea creatures such as eellike conodonts, ammonites and most species of bivalves.

Probable cause: Volcanic rifting and flood basalts in what would become the North Atlantic triggered falling sea levels, greenhouse gas release and global warming.

There is plenty that shows COLD to have been the cause in the form of glacial striations all over the world that coincide with mass extinctions.

Your usual fraudulent unsupported claims.

Cooling played a part in some of the extinction events but warming was the cause of most of them.

Extinction event
Wikipedia
(excerpts)
Identifying causes of particular mass extinctions
A good theory for a particular mass extinction should: (i) explain all of the losses, not just focus on a few groups (such as dinosaurs); (ii) explain why particular groups of organisms died out and why others survived; (iii) provide mechanisms which are strong enough to cause a mass extinction but not a total extinction; (iv) be based on events or processes that can be shown to have happened, not just inferred from the extinction.

It may be necessary to consider combinations of causes. For example, the marine aspect of the end-Cretaceous extinction appears to have been caused by several processes which partially overlapped in time and may have had different levels of significance in different parts of the world.[37]

Arens and West (2006) proposed a "press / pulse" model in which mass extinctions generally require two types of cause: long-term pressure on the eco-system ("press") and a sudden catastrophe ("pulse") towards the end of the period of pressure.[38] Their statistical analysis of marine extinction rates throughout the Phanerozoic suggested that neither long-term pressure alone nor a catastrophe alone was sufficient to cause a significant increase in the extinction rate.

Causes
The most commonly suggested causes of mass extinctions are listed below.

Flood basalt events
The formation of large igneous provinces by flood basalt events could have:

• produced dust and particulate aerosols which inhibited photosynthesis and thus caused food chains to collapse both on land and at sea
• emitted sulfur oxides which were precipitated as acid rain and poisoned many organisms, contributing further to the collapse of food chains
• emitted carbon dioxide and thus possibly causing sustained global warming once the dust and particulate aerosols dissipated.

Flood basalt events occur as pulses of activity punctuated by dormant periods. As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.

It is speculated that massive volcanism caused or contributed to the End-Permian, End-Triassic and End-Cretaceous extinctions.[46] The correlation between gigantic volcanic events expressed in the large igneous provinces and mass extinctions was shown for the last 260 Myr.[47][48] Recently such possible correlation was extended for the whole Phanerozoic Eon.[49]

Sustained and significant global cooling
Sustained global cooling could kill many polar and temperate species and force others to migrate towards the equator; reduce the area available for tropical species; often make the Earth's climate more arid on average, mainly by locking up more of the planet's water in ice and snow. The glaciation cycles of the current ice age are believed to have had only a very mild impact on biodiversity, so the mere existence of a significant cooling is not sufficient on its own to explain a mass extinction.

It has been suggested that global cooling caused or contributed to the End-Ordovician, Permian-Triassic, Late Devonian extinctions, and possibly others. Sustained global cooling is distinguished from the temporary climatic effects of flood basalt events or impacts.

Sustained and significant global warming
This would have the opposite effects: expand the area available for tropical species; kill temperate species or force them to migrate towards the poles; possibly cause severe extinctions of polar species; often make the Earth's climate wetter on average, mainly by melting ice and snow and thus increasing the volume of the water cycle. It might also cause anoxic events in the oceans (see below).

Global warming as a cause of mass extinction is supported by several recent studies.[54]

The most dramatic example of sustained warming is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions. It has also been suggested to have caused the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, during which 20% of all marine families went extinct. Furthermore, the Permian–Triassic extinction event has been suggested to have been caused by warming.[55][56][57] Human-caused global warming is contributing to extinctions today.

Clathrate gun hypothesis
Main article: Clathrate gun hypothesis
Clathrates are composites in which a lattice of one substance forms a cage around another. Methane clathrates (in which water molecules are the cage) form on continental shelves. These clathrates are likely to break up rapidly and release the methane if the temperature rises quickly or the pressure on them drops quickly—for example in response to sudden global warming or a sudden drop in sea level or even earthquakes. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, so a methane eruption ("clathrate gun") could cause rapid global warming or make it much more severe if the eruption was itself caused by global warming.

The most likely signature of such a methane eruption would be a sudden decrease in the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in sediments, since methane clathrates are low in carbon-13; but the change would have to be very large, as other events can also reduce the percentage of carbon-13.[58]

It has been suggested that "clathrate gun" methane eruptions were involved in the end-Permian extinction ("the Great Dying") and in the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions.

Anoxic events
Anoxic events are situations in which the middle and even the upper layers of the ocean become deficient or totally lacking in oxygen. Their causes are complex and controversial, but all known instances are associated with severe and sustained global warming, mostly caused by sustained massive volcanism.

It has been suggested that anoxic events caused or contributed to the Ordovician–Silurian, late Devonian, Permian–Triassicand Triassic–Jurassic extinctions, as well as a number of lesser extinctions (such as the Ireviken, Mulde, Lau, Toarcian and Cenomanian–Turonian events).

 

[Wyatt earp]

Could some one please break his crayons? I am not reading that childish crap.

 

[RollingThunder]

Could some one please break his crayons? I am not reading that childish crap.

Your stupidity and ridiculously tiny attention span are not my problem, nutbagger. Your aversion to actual science or any facts that debunk your rightwingnut myths and fraudulent propaganda memes is very obvious to everybody reading your demented twaddle.

 

[westwall]

Humans have not lived on a planet without Arctic sea ice. As many have said, we are engaged in a planetary geophysical experiment that cannot be repeated and probably cannot be undone, and we do not know the exact outcome. Although scientists have been suggesting outcomes, and what they have been suggesting is not reassuring.

Which is pure unadulterated horse poo. Nothing that has ever been claimed to be a danger has ever happened when it was warmer in the past.

Another fraudulent anti-science denier cult myth.

The whole Earth has never warmed up like this in recorded human history. It has never been as warm as it is now for at least the last 5 or 6 thousand years, and probably much longer, back over 120,000 years ago, during the last interglacial.

The Earth has very seldom EVER warmed as fast as it is warming now in all of the geological history that the geologists have been able to decipher. When it has very rapidly warmed in the past, mass extinctions have resulted.

Mass Extinctions Tied to Past Climate Changes
Fossil and temperature records over the past 520 million years show a correlation between extinctions and climate change
Scientific American
By David Biello
October 24, 2007
Roughly 251 million years ago, an estimated 70 percent of land plants and animals died, along with 84 percent of ocean organisms—an event known as the end Permian extinction. The cause is unknown but it is known that this period was also an extremely warm one. A new analysis of the temperature and fossil records over the past 520 million years reveals that the end of the Permian is not alone in this association: global warming is consistently associated with planetwide die-offs.

"There have been three major greenhouse phases in the time period we analyzed and the peaks in temperature of each coincide with mass extinctions," says ecologist Peter Mayhew of the University of York in England, who led the research examining the fossil and temperature records. "The fossil record and temperature data sets already existed but nobody had looked at the relationships between them."

Pairing these data - the relative number of different shallow sea organisms extant during a given time period and the record of temperature encased in the varying levels of oxygen isotopes in their shells over 10 million year intervals - reveals that eras with relatively high concentrations of greenhouse gases bode ill for the number of species on Earth. "The rule appears to be that greenhouse worlds adversely affect biodiversity," Mayhew says.

That also bodes ill for the fate of species currently on Earth as the global temperatures continue to rise to levels similar to those seen during the Permian. "The risk of future extinction through rapid global warming is primarily expected to occur through mismatches between the climates to which organisms are adapted in their current range and the future distribution of those climates," Mayhew and his colleagues write in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, though it may also be that warmer temperatures lead to less hospitable seas, he adds.

That is not to say that global warming was the cause of this Permian wipeout or that all mass extinctions are associated with warmer worlds - witness the disappearance of 60 percent of different groups of marine organisms during the cooling at the end of the Ordovician period roughly 430 million years ago. But these scientists argue that the evidence of a link between climate change and mass extinctions gives reason to be concerned for the future. "We need to know the mechanism behind the associations and we need to know if associations of this sort also occur in shorter-term climatic fluctuations," Mayhew says. "That will help us decide if this is really a worry for the next generation or if the threat is merely a distant future threat."

This is all just a bunch of propaganda designed to frighten the natives and the only people who care are those who hope to profit from the scam. Period.

Your absurd paranoid crackpot conspiracy theories about all of the scientists in the world are hilariously insane.

The fact is NO mass extinction event has a
shred of empirical data to support the thought that warmth was the cause. None.

The Dunning-Kruger Effect strikes again.

Ignorant clueless uneducated denier cult trolls imagine that they know everything...far more than mere scientists who have only collectively studied some areas of interest for over a century.

A few examples....

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Wikipedia
Climate change during the last 65 million years as expressed by the oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is characterized by a brief but prominent negative excursion, attributed to rapid warming. Note that the excursion is understated in this graph due to the smoothing of data.

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), alternatively "Eocene thermal maximum 1" (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum" refers to a climate event that began at the temporal boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. The absolute age and duration of the event remain uncertain, but are thought to be close to 55.8 million years ago and about 170,000 years of duration[1][2][3] The PETM has become a focal point of considerable geoscience research because it probably provides our best past analog by which to understand impacts of global warming and massive carbon input to the ocean and atmosphere, including ocean acidification.[4]

The onset of the PETM has been linked to an initial 5 °C temperature rise and extreme changes in Earth’s carbon cycle.[5] The PETM is marked by a prominent negative excursion in carbon stable isotope (δ13C) records from around the globe; more specifically, there was a large decrease in 13C/12C ratio of marine and terrestrial carbonates and organic carbon.[5][6][7]

Numerous other changes can be observed in stratigraphic sections containing the PETM.[5] Fossil records for many organisms show major turnovers. For example, in the marine realm, a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera, a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates, and an appearance of excursion, planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM. On land, there was a sudden appearance of modern mammal orders (including primates) in Europe and North America. Sediment deposition changed significantly at many outcrops and in many drill cores spanning this time interval.

It is now widely accepted that the PETM represents a “case study” for global warming and massive carbon input to Earth’s surface.
***

The great mass extinctions
The Washington Post
By Bonnie Berkowitz and Alberto Cuadra
June 29, 2015
(excerpts)
Scientists have identified five times when a huge portion of Earth’s species died out relatively rapidly. Each time, something created an upheaval that altered the planet faster than those species could adapt. A growing number of scientists think we are a few hundred years into a sixth mass extinction, possibly the fastest one yet. And the cause of the upheaval, they say, is human activity.

End Permian (252 million years ago) Some scholars say up to 98 percent of all Earth’s species disappeared in “The Great Dying,” the largest mass extinction. Notable among them were trilobites, two groups of coral, giant sea scorpions and large, mammallike reptiles. Life was not so diverse again for 10 million to 20 million years.

Probable cause: Continental movement caused a massive flood basalt in what is now Siberia. (Flood basalts are volcano-like formations that release magma flows.) Resulting greenhouse gases caused global warming and effected oceans by increasing acidity and decreasing oxygen. Sauroctonus species lost 90%

Late Triassic (201 million years ago) This period spelled the end for most large amphibians and mammallike reptiles, as well as sea creatures such as eellike conodonts, ammonites and most species of bivalves.

Probable cause: Volcanic rifting and flood basalts in what would become the North Atlantic triggered falling sea levels, greenhouse gas release and global warming.

There is plenty that shows COLD to have been the cause in the form of glacial striations all over the world that coincide with mass extinctions.

Your usual fraudulent unsupported claims.

Cooling played a part in some of the extinction events but warming was the cause of most of them.

Extinction event
Wikipedia
(excerpts)
Identifying causes of particular mass extinctions
A good theory for a particular mass extinction should: (i) explain all of the losses, not just focus on a few groups (such as dinosaurs); (ii) explain why particular groups of organisms died out and why others survived; (iii) provide mechanisms which are strong enough to cause a mass extinction but not a total extinction; (iv) be based on events or processes that can be shown to have happened, not just inferred from the extinction.

It may be necessary to consider combinations of causes. For example, the marine aspect of the end-Cretaceous extinction appears to have been caused by several processes which partially overlapped in time and may have had different levels of significance in different parts of the world.[37]

Arens and West (2006) proposed a "press / pulse" model in which mass extinctions generally require two types of cause: long-term pressure on the eco-system ("press") and a sudden catastrophe ("pulse") towards the end of the period of pressure.[38] Their statistical analysis of marine extinction rates throughout the Phanerozoic suggested that neither long-term pressure alone nor a catastrophe alone was sufficient to cause a significant increase in the extinction rate.

Causes
The most commonly suggested causes of mass extinctions are listed below.

Flood basalt events
The formation of large igneous provinces by flood basalt events could have:

• produced dust and particulate aerosols which inhibited photosynthesis and thus caused food chains to collapse both on land and at sea
• emitted sulfur oxides which were precipitated as acid rain and poisoned many organisms, contributing further to the collapse of food chains
• emitted carbon dioxide and thus possibly causing sustained global warming once the dust and particulate aerosols dissipated.

Flood basalt events occur as pulses of activity punctuated by dormant periods. As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.

It is speculated that massive volcanism caused or contributed to the End-Permian, End-Triassic and End-Cretaceous extinctions.[46] The correlation between gigantic volcanic events expressed in the large igneous provinces and mass extinctions was shown for the last 260 Myr.[47][48] Recently such possible correlation was extended for the whole Phanerozoic Eon.[49]

Sustained and significant global cooling
Sustained global cooling could kill many polar and temperate species and force others to migrate towards the equator; reduce the area available for tropical species; often make the Earth's climate more arid on average, mainly by locking up more of the planet's water in ice and snow. The glaciation cycles of the current ice age are believed to have had only a very mild impact on biodiversity, so the mere existence of a significant cooling is not sufficient on its own to explain a mass extinction.

It has been suggested that global cooling caused or contributed to the End-Ordovician, Permian-Triassic, Late Devonian extinctions, and possibly others. Sustained global cooling is distinguished from the temporary climatic effects of flood basalt events or impacts.

Sustained and significant global warming
This would have the opposite effects: expand the area available for tropical species; kill temperate species or force them to migrate towards the poles; possibly cause severe extinctions of polar species; often make the Earth's climate wetter on average, mainly by melting ice and snow and thus increasing the volume of the water cycle. It might also cause anoxic events in the oceans (see below).

Global warming as a cause of mass extinction is supported by several recent studies.[54]

The most dramatic example of sustained warming is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions. It has also been suggested to have caused the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, during which 20% of all marine families went extinct. Furthermore, the Permian–Triassic extinction event has been suggested to have been caused by warming.[55][56][57] Human-caused global warming is contributing to extinctions today.

Clathrate gun hypothesis
Main article: Clathrate gun hypothesis
Clathrates are composites in which a lattice of one substance forms a cage around another. Methane clathrates (in which water molecules are the cage) form on continental shelves. These clathrates are likely to break up rapidly and release the methane if the temperature rises quickly or the pressure on them drops quickly—for example in response to sudden global warming or a sudden drop in sea level or even earthquakes. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, so a methane eruption ("clathrate gun") could cause rapid global warming or make it much more severe if the eruption was itself caused by global warming.

The most likely signature of such a methane eruption would be a sudden decrease in the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in sediments, since methane clathrates are low in carbon-13; but the change would have to be very large, as other events can also reduce the percentage of carbon-13.[58]

It has been suggested that "clathrate gun" methane eruptions were involved in the end-Permian extinction ("the Great Dying") and in the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions.

Anoxic events
Anoxic events are situations in which the middle and even the upper layers of the ocean become deficient or totally lacking in oxygen. Their causes are complex and controversial, but all known instances are associated with severe and sustained global warming, mostly caused by sustained massive volcanism.

It has been suggested that anoxic events caused or contributed to the Ordovician–Silurian, late Devonian, Permian–Triassicand Triassic–Jurassic extinctions, as well as a number of lesser extinctions (such as the Ireviken, Mulde, Lau, Toarcian and Cenomanian–Turonian events).

Thank you, thank you, thank you, you ignorant fucking twit! The PETM was not a mass extinction event. In fact, far from it......

Here is from your favorite wiki (and that HEAVILY modified from its original entry which was very much against your POV). The ONLY critters that suffered during the PETM were some very localized benthic foram species who's demise is most like due to anoxia. You are quite simply full of shit.

"Humid conditions caused migration of modern Asian mammals northward, dependent on the climatic belts. Uncertainty remains for the timing and tempo of migration.[44]
The increase in mammalian abundance is intriguing. There is no evidence of any increased extinction rate among the terrestrial biota. Increased CO2 levels may have promoted dwarfing[45][46] – which may have encouraged speciation. Many major mammalian orders – including the Artiodactyla, horses, and primates – appeared and spread around the globe 13,000 to 22,000 years after the initiation of the PETM.[45]"



Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia