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Zionism<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a> is an
ethnocultural nationalist<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a> movement that emerged in late 19th-century
Europe to establish and support a
Jewish homeland through
colonization in the
region of Palestine,<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a> which roughly corresponds to the
Land of Israel in
Judaism—itself central to
Jewish history.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a> Zionists wanted to create a
Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many
Jews, and as few
Palestinian Arabs as possible.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a>
Zionism initially emerged in
Central and
Eastern Europe as a
secular nationalist movement in the late 19th century, in reaction to new waves of
antisemitism and in response to the
Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a> By the beginning of the 20th century, the Zionist movement, now led by
Theodor Herzl, associated this national revival with Palestine, then under
Ottoman rule.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a>
The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine during this period is widely seen as the start of the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a> The Zionist claim to Palestine was based on the notion that the Jews' historical right to the land outweighed that of the Arabs.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a>
In 1917, the
Balfour Declaration established
Britain's support for the movement. In 1922, the
Mandate for Palestine, governed by Britain, explicitly privileged Jewish settlers over the local population. In 1948, after the end of the British Mandate, the
State of Israel declared its independence and
war broke out. During the war, Israel expanded its territory to control over 78% of former Mandatory Palestine. As a result of the
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, an estimated 160,000 of 870,000 Palestinians in the territory remained, forming a
Palestinian minority in Israel.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a>
Zionist views have varied over time and are not uniform, resulting in a variety of
types of Zionism.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a> The Zionist mainstream has historically included
Liberal,
Labor,
Revisionist, and
Cultural Zionism, while groups like
Brit Shalom and
Ihud have been dissident factions within the movement.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>[<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (October_2024)%22>page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a>
Religious Zionism is a variant that combines secular nationalism and religious conservatism. Advocates of Zionism have viewed it as a national
liberation movement for the
repatriation of an
indigenous people (who were subject to
persecution and share a
national identity through
national consciousness), to the
homeland of their
ancestors.<a href="
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Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a>
Opponents of Zionism often characterize it as a
supremacist,<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a>
colonialist,<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a> or
racist ideology,<a href="
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settler colonialist movement.<a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a><a href="
Zionism - Wikipedia"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a>