This is really interesting - thank you for really taking the time to flesh out a potential political/social map!
I see definite problems in denying any resident the right to vote without very good cause, and the political makeup of the states/countries would be diluted regardless, as within 20 years, you'd have a new generation of voters, many reacting against the dominant norms in their state/country.
I also think, especially after seeing the feedback here, that you'd have to create as many as 4 new countries to accommodate the splits within states, so I don't think North/South really works. (See Texas for instance, where the SE is pretty liberal.)
But it's interesting to see what this might look like, and I like a lot of what you've lain out.