Only Four Concrete Exceptions
The Court concluded that the authors of the 14th Amendment only intended to exclude a very specific, limited group of people from birthright citizenship. They identified only four exceptions to the rule under common law:
- Children of foreign diplomats and ambassadors.
- Children born on foreign public vessels (like warships) in U.S. waters.
- Children born to alien enemies in hostile occupation of U.S. territory.
- Children born to sovereign Native American tribes.
Since Wong Kim Ark did not fit any of those exceptions, the Court declared that his birth on U.S. soil made him a citizen.