And these are the exceptions, the people who have no share in the World-to-Come, even when they fulfilled many mitzvot: One who says: There is no resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah, and one who says: The Torah did not originate from Heaven, and an
epikoros, who treats Torah scholars and the Torah that they teach with contempt. Rabbi Akiva says:
Also included in the exceptions are one who reads external literature, and one who whispers invocations over a wound and says as an invocation for healing: “Every illness that I placed upon Egypt I will not place upon you, for I am the Lord, your Healer” (Exodus 15:26). By doing so, he shows contempt for the sanctity of the name of God and therefore has no share in the World-to-Come. Abba Shaul says: Also included in the exceptions is one who pronounces the ineffable name of God as it is written, with its letters.
It all comes down to what is meant by external literature. Which as near as I a can tell means non-canonical and heretic literature.
In the context of the Talmud (Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1), reading "external literature" (Hebrew:
Sefarim Chitzonim) refers to
studying unauthorized, non-canonical books. Rabbi Akiva declared that anyone who does this loses their share in the World to Come. [
1,
2,
3]
1. What does "external literature" mean?
Rabbi Akiva and the Sages defined these as sectarian texts or the writings of
minim (heretics). This specifically includes: [
1]
- Heretical Commentaries: Books containing false or misleading interpretations of the Torah.
- Gnostic/Sectarian Writings: Early splinter-sect literature designed to lead Jews away from traditional, normative Judaism.
- Note: Some Talmudic scholars also interpreted this to include the Apocrypha, though it is a debated topic. [1, 2, 3]
2. Why is it forbidden?
According to Rabbinic tradition, the Torah was given as a complete, divine system. Reading unapproved, alternative books could:
- Introduce heretical ideas that erode foundational Jewish beliefs (e.g., the divine origin of the Torah or the resurrection of the dead).
- Waste time that should be spent studying the authentic Torah, which was considered the ultimate source of truth and spiritual life. [1, 2]
3. Part of a Broader List
This ruling appears in a famous chapter of the Talmud that lists specific individuals and behaviors that bar a person from the afterlife. Alongside reading external books, other severe exceptions include: [
1]
- Denying that the Torah is divinely given.
- Denying the resurrection of the dead.
- Being an epikoros (someone who treats Torah scholars and the Torah itself with contempt).
- Whispering healing charms over wounds (which Rabbi Akiva viewed as abusing scriptural verses for superstition). [1, 2, 3]
For a deeper dive into the exact Hebrew text and the range of rabbinic commentary on this passage, you can explore the
Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 text on Sefaria. [
1]