When public education started, this is what it was.
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Perhaps the earliest formal school was developed in Egypt's Middle Kingdom under the direction of Kheti, treasurer to
Mentuhotep II (2061-2010 BCE).
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In
Mesopotamia, the early
logographic system of cuneiform script took many years to master. Thus only a limited number of individuals were hired as
scribes to be trained in its reading and writing. Only royal offspring and sons of the rich and professionals such as scribes, physicians, and temple administrators, were schooled.
[5] Most boys were taught their father's trade or were apprenticed to learn a trade.
[6][
page needed] Girls stayed at home with their mothers to learn
housekeeping and
cooking, and to look after the younger children. Later, when a
syllabic script became more widespread, more of the Mesopotamian population became literate. Later still in
Babylonian times there were libraries in most towns and temples; an old
Sumerian proverb averred "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn." There arose a whole social class of scribes, mostly employed in agriculture, but some as personal secretaries or lawyers.
[7] Women as well as men learned to read and write, and for the Semitic Babylonians, this involved knowledge of the extinct
Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. Massive archives of texts were recovered from the archaeological contexts of Old Babylonian scribal schools known as
edubas (2000–1600 BCE), through which literacy was disseminated. The
Epic of Gilgamesh, an
epic poem from
Ancient Mesopotamia is among the
earliest known works of literary fiction. The earliest
Sumerian versions of the epic date from as early as the
Third Dynasty of Ur (2150–2000 BC) (Dalley 1989: 41–42).
Ashurbanipal (685 – c. 627 BC), a king of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire, was proud of his scribal education. His youthful scholarly pursuits included oil divination,
mathematics, reading and writing as well as the usual
horsemanship,
hunting,
chariotry, soldierliness,
craftsmanship, and royal decorum. During his reign he collected cuneiform texts from all over Mesopotamia, and especially Babylonia, in the
library in Nineveh, the first systematically organized library in the ancient Middle East,
[8] which survives in part today.
In
ancient Egypt, literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of
scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. The rate of literacy in Pharaonic Egypt during most periods from the third to first millennium BC has been estimated at not more than one percent,
[9] or between one half of one percent and one percent.
[10]
In ancient Israel, the
Torah (the fundamental religious text) includes commands to read, learn, teach and write the Torah, thus requiring literacy and study. In 64 AD the
high priest caused schools to be opened.
[11] Emphasis was placed on developing good memory skills in addition to comprehension oral repetition. For details of the subjects taught, see
History of education in ancient Israel and Judah. Although girls were not provided with formal education in the
yeshivah, they were required to know a large part of the subject areas to prepare them to maintain the home after marriage, and to educate the children before the age of seven. Despite this schooling system, it would seem that many children did not learn to read and write, because it has been estimated that "at least ninety percent of the Jewish population of Roman Palestine [in the first centuries AD] could merely write their own name or not write and read at all",
[12] or that the literacy rate was about 3 percent.
[13]
In the Islamic civilization that spread all the way between China and Spain during the time between the 7th and 19th centuries, Muslims started schooling from 622 in Medina, which is now a city in Saudi Arabia, schooling at first was in the mosques (masjid in Arabic) but then schools became separate in schools next to mosques. The first separate school was the Nizamiyah school. It was built in 1066 in Baghdad. Children started school from the age of six with free tuition. The
Quran encourages Muslims to be educated. Thus, education and schooling sprang up in the ancient Muslim societies. Moreover, Muslims had one of the first universities in history which is Al-Qarawiyin University in Fez, Morocco. It was originally a mosque that was built in 859
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