Depression and World War II[edit]
Prolongation of the depression
Some[who?] critics blame the gold-exchange standard (different from a true gold standard) of the 1920s for prolonging the depression. The gold standard limited the Federal Reserve's control over monetary policy. As a result, the Fed could not lower interest rates as an expansionary policy to stimulate the Great Depression to an end. Rather, the Fed defended the fixed price of dollars in respect to the gold standard by raising interest rates, trying to increase the demand for dollars. Higher interest rates intensified the deflationary pressure on the dollar and reduced investment in the US. Central banks. The banks converted dollar assets to gold in 1931, reducing the Federal Reserve's gold reserves. This speculative attack on the dollar created a panic in the U.S. banking system. Fearing imminent devaluation of the dollar, many foreign and domestic depositors withdrew funds from U.S. banks to convert them into gold or other assets.[13] Since the gold standard depressed demand for dollars, interest rates rose. Due to the Federal Reserve's reluctance to abandon the gold standard and float the U.S. currency as Britain had done, recovery in the United States was slower than in Britain. It wasn't until 1933 when the United States finally decided to abandon the gold standard that things began to improve.[14]