A lawful encounter between a cop on the street and a citizen (or a person) is analyzed in a variety of ways. It takes into account numerous factors. Does a cop need any particular Constitutional basis to approach me on a street to ask me a non-accusatory question? What must he do to elevate that presumably lawful encounter (which usually requires no probable cause or reasonable suspicion of anything) to a "seizure" of my person for constitutional purposes?
(Snip - not relevant to reply.)
This is entirely distinct from the more troublesome question of what may happen if a police officer chooses, unilaterally, to distort the law or to later lie about an encounter when testifying about it in Court. I know that kind of shit does happen. The question is: how often does it happen. Then there's the question of whether or not -- in any particular case -- it happened at all.
I would like to address both of these statements because, in the context of the new AZ immigration law, I think they are both relevant.
In your first comment, you are describing a consensual encounter. Police can approach people on the street and engage them in conversation. That is entirely legal. The person is free to talk to the officer or keep on walking. Most people will talk to the officer because common courtesy, if nothing else says that when someone addresses you, you address them back - as officers initiating consensual encounters well know.
And make no mistake about it, when a cop comes up to you on the street and says, pleasantly, "Hey, how's it going today?" you can be damn sure he doesn't give a hoot about "how it's going" for you - he has a hidden agenda here, and hint: it isn't good for you.
So now you're talking to the cop. Can he ask you, "By the way, do you have anything illegal on you?" Yes. Now, you're in the soup. If you say yes, he can search you. If you say no, his next question will be: "Mind if I take a look? All right to search you?" Again, whatever you say at this point, you're screwed. If you say yes, he searches you. This is a totally legal, consensual search. If you say no, what do you think will happen then? Most people say yes.
OK - now your second comment, in the context of the new AZ law. The law requires a "lawful contact" prior to any attempts being made to verify citizenship. One would think this means a normal detention based on probable cause to believe the person involved is involved in some type of crime
other than illegal immigration. But what about a consensual encounter? That's a "lawful contact." Will that satisfy the AZ law so that the cop can then attempt to verify citizenship?
Probably. BUT - what about the cop who uses the consensual encounter as a pretext for a random, immigration stop? Random immigration stops are still illegal, even under the AZ law. Your second comment is directed toward cops who lie. It would be very easy for a cop to lie and testify that, during a "consensual encounter" (that began with the words, "Hey, YOU! Hold it right there. Put your hands on the wall and SPREAD 'EM!") he learned that a person was in the country illegally.
How often does "shit" like this happen? FAR more often than you think.