(1) Did the "states in rebellion" have a constitutional right to leave the Union? Why or why not? They came in voluntarily, right?
(2) What is a "proclamation" (e.g., the "Emancipation Proclamation")? Does it have the force of law within the United States? Where, in Article II does the President get this power? Why did President Lincoln not free the slaves in the Border States? Was the emancipation legal anywhere? Why was the thirteenth amendment necessary?
(3) On what legal basis did the U.S. government "take" the property of slaveholders? Were the slaveholders entitled to compensation for these freed chattel/assets (under the Fifth Amendment)? Is this what is meant when we hear of "reparations" for slavery?
When people talk about reparations, it refers to:
Forty acres and a mule - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
as to your first question, I'll defer to the Federalist author Madison:
"Even in the case of a mere League between nations absolutely independent of each other, neither party has a right to dissolve it at pleasure; each having an equal right to expound its obligations, and neither, consequently a greater right to pronounce the compact void than the other has to insist on the mutual execution of it."
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James Madison; from letter to Nicholas P. Trist (Feb. 15, 1830)
Forty acres and a mule did not last, as once the occupying U.S. Govt saw that the freed slaves were not interested in using that forty acres and a mule to grow cotton (which had been a major commodity for trade with Europe), because their concern was in growing food for their families, the occupying U.S. Govt reneged on that promise. The occupying govt's economy was in shambles and cotton was needed to restore that economy, therefore the land was given back to the former owners, and share cropping was born.
As for Madison' letter to Mr. Trist, that one has been used over and again as a pathetic attempt at evidence of a none existent law. First, one must understand that Madison was a nationalist and one of the authors of "the Virginia plan" which was a plan to abandon federalism and the federal system that existed under the Articles of Confederation. This National plan was to consolidate the States into a single State under a single national government. The reason for this plan was what established the split among the Founders'. Some such as Madison, Washington, and Hamilton, wanted to establish a nation to rival the power, grandeur, and splendor of the monarchies in England and France, while others wanted to maintain the simple confederacy of States under the Articles, for the purpose of protecting one another and individual liberty.
Patrick Henry explained .......
" all those nation that have gone in search of power, grandeur, and splendor, have all fallen a sacrifice: While they acquired those visionary blessings, they lost their freedom."
Madison, and the others Virginia plan for a National government was soundly rejected at the 1787 convention.
Madison, and cohorts were forced to compromise thus establishing a partially federal system and a partially national system in the U.S. CONstitution. This was a thorn in Madison's side, and the reason for his sour grapes, when it came to the States protecting their sovereignty.
Madison, and cohorts did not immediately get their way, though that day was coming via Lincoln's rebellion.
Patrick Henry also stated, concerning the 1787/1789 U.S. CONstitution, that this new government.....
Cannot last, it will not last a century and will end in a violent and bloody struggle.......
Now I paraphrased here, as I do not have his direct wording in. Front of me at the moment, however the just is there and I would be off only slightly in my wording.
90 years later we had Lincoln's rebellion which ushered in the end of federalism and the beginning of a wholly national system that Madison desired under the Virginia plan, and a consolidation of the States under that wholly national system, wherein the government today is one of the power, grandeur and splendor of which Patrick Henry warned wherein the people have lost their freedom, and experience a government in a state of perpetual war and hegemony wielding that power, grandeur and splendor like a big club.
Under international law, and party may exit a multi-lateral treaty, and the other party's may remain and maintain that treaty between themselves or nullify it completely.
The States would not voluntary consolidate themselves, hence the tenth amendment was necessary before they would consider ratification.
Madison was just spouting off his nationalist opinion to Mr. Trist, opinions are a dime a dozen, everyone has one, including me, however such is only the opinion of an individual, Madison's opinion was just that, HIS.
One must consider the treaty/compact/charter/ Constitution, and what the States agreed to therein, not one mans opinion.
Here the tenth amendment agreed to by the State before they would ratify trumps Madison's opinion.