In the very long ago days when gays could not marry and gay couples could not adopt, the adoption of a child was very complicated and very expensive. Naturally, forming gay families became a specialty of mine.
I had an opportunity to follow quite a few of these families to the adulthood of the child. The most successful had an opposite sex mentor for the child. It could be a grandparent, aunt or uncle, close friend. Sometimes even the birth mother.
Children from gay parents who did not take this extra step became dysfunctional adults. But, curiously enough, dysfunctional in the same way as children from a family of divorce. It was not specifically gay parents that caused this inability to form strong relationships. It was the singular exposure to a same sex household. Heterosexual single parents have to do the exact same exposure to secure adult mentors for the child. Single parents whether hetero or gay certainly don't do their children any favors in bringing and endless procession of special friends to meet the child. All the kid learns is to trust no one.