Is there a way to know who is Sunni and who is Shiite by just appearances?
edit; I asked because if Sunni's are discriminated against in Iran how do you know who is which?
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- Can one tell an Italian from a Frenchman from an Englishman from an American just by appearances?
- Can one tell a Roman Catholic from an Greek Orthodox Catholic just by appearances?
- Can one tell a Pentecostal from and Episcopalian just by appearances?
I'm not taking umbrage at the basic theme of your inquiry: how one can tell Shiites from Sunnis. It's the "just by appearances" aspect that I find disturbing. I find it unsettling because attaching that phrase to what otherwise would have been a perfectly neutral and reasonable question to ask "loads" the question with the implication that substantive differences among folks' theological beliefs, in their character, be discernable through mere outward appearance.
That line of thinking -- that substance is discernable through mere appearance -- is what is at the heart of American racism and its attendant discrimination, but outside of the U.S., people haven't for over a century generally relied upon mere appearances as a legitimate basis for concluding upon another's intangible traits, qualities that are in, or that derive from what's in, one's' mind. I don't know what it is with many Americans that they are wont to make "everything" that matters boil down to a highly simplified "label," and then using that "label," put "everyone" into their "tidy little box." It'd be nice were that a tenable modality. Hundreds of years ago when there were sumptuary laws, judging based on outward appearances was reasonable, but these days, it's not; the world, humanity, is more complex than that.
So, getting back to your question: can one tell Sunnis from Shiites? Basically, no. One must know something more than what a person looks like in order to tell. What might some of those additional pieces of information be?
- One's first or last name may help. Given the names of the central characters in the schism between Sunnis and Shiites, it's more likely that a man named Ali, Hassan, or Hussein would be a Shiite. A man named Omar, Abu Bakr, or Yazid would almost certainly be a Sunni, since these names correspond to the opponents of the first imams and the major villains of Shiite history. (Yazid, for example, is said to have assassinated Hussein.) Other names can't be linked to one sect or the other: You'll find plenty of Muslims from both camps named after Mohammed or his daughter Fatima.
- To which call to prayer an individual responds. The language and timing of the calls to prayer for the two sects are slightly different.
- The decorations one has in their home. Often household decorative effects pertain to one or the other sect.
- At which mosque at which a person worships. That said, I suspect, though I don't know for sure, that a Muslim person may well worship at a mosque that's convenient much as non-Episcopalian Presidents have worshiped at St. John's simply because, among other things, it's across the street from where they live.
One thing worth noting is that like "ultra-devout" Jews and adherents of other religions, ultra-religious/very conservative believers may do or not do things that less orthodox believers may or that they may not. For example, some very conservative Sunnis may not wear a necktie (Note: Though it's so that Wahhabis are at least ostensibly very conservative, it'd be a mistake to conclude that any one or every very conservative Sunni is Wahhabist.)
So, yes, it'd be nice to be able to generalize in the way implied by your original question; however, intellectual integrity, even simple sagacity, and fairness dictate that one refrain from doing so. Better, if one must know, to just ask a person if they are Shiite or Sunni.