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Recent publications have re-examined the use of Chloroquine (CQ) and/or Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a potential therapeutic option for these patients.
There are limited studies established to investigate the possible antiviral effects of CQ or HCQ in animal models (Table 4 ). In general, studies showed no significant effect of CQ on CoVs including SARS-CoV and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) replication or clinical scores in mice and cats, respectively
There are very limited published clinical trials that studied the possible antiviral effects of CQ or HCQ in CoV and non-CoV infected patients (Table 5 ). These published clinical trials have clearly shown no significant benefit of using CQ in the prevention or treatment against influenza, DENV or CHIKV infections in patients [133,[155], [156], [157], [158]]. In fact, in one study, patients treated with CQ were more likely to develop adverse effects such as arthralgia at day 200 post-treatment