After slavery, blacks were being killed by whites with no crimes charged, the Supreme Court basically repealed the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments with a series of rulings. Due the consistent state and federally protected barbaric acts by whites, southern blacks felt they had to go north. When blacks started moving north, southern business and government leaders enacted laws in order to stop free people from going where they could earn a decent living. But even under the threat of jail or death, millions of blacks headed north where they knew they'd be treated right.
Not so fast!
As blacks went north they found that the only difference between a southern white and a northern one was geography. When blacks went north, so did lynchings. They are recorded as race riots, but that's disingenuous considering what happened. In the “Red Summer” of 1919. there were a series of race riots started by whites due to the northern migration of blacks trying to escape the conditions they had to endure in the south. There were more than 20 riots that summer.
The
East St. Louis riots or
East St. Louis massacres were a series of outbreaks of
labor- and
race-related violence by people that caused the deaths of an estimated 40–250 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 blacks were left homeless,
[1] and the rioting and vandalism cost approximately $400,000 ($7,982,000 in 2020) in property damage.
[1] The events took place in and near
East St. Louis, Illinois, an industrial city on the east bank of the
Mississippi River, directly opposite the city of
St. Louis, Missouri. The July 1917 episode in particular was marked by white-led violence throughout the city. The riots have been described as the worst case of labor-related violence in 20th-century American history,
[2] and among the worst
race riots in U.S. history.
The
Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent
racial conflict provoked by white Americans against black Americans that began on the
South Side of
Chicago, Illinois on July 27, and ended on August 3, 1919.
[1][2] During the riot, thirty-eight people died (23 black and 15 white).
[3] Over the week, injuries attributed to the episodic confrontations stood at 537, with two-thirds of the injured being black and one-third white, while the approximately 1,000 to 2,000 who lost their homes were mostly black.
[4] It is considered the worst of the nearly 25 riots in the United States during the
"Red Summer" of 1919, so named because of the racial and labor related violence and fatalities across the nation.
[5] The combination of prolonged
arson,
looting, and
murder made it one of the worst race riots in the
history of Illinois.
[6]
In early 1919, the sociopolitical atmosphere of Chicago around and near its rapidly growing black community was one of ethnic tension caused by competition among new groups, an economic slump, and the social changes engendered by
World War I. With the
Great Migration, thousands of
African Americans from the
American South had settled next to neighborhoods of European immigrants on Chicago's South Side, near jobs in the
stockyards,
meatpacking plants, and industry. Meanwhile, the
Irish had been established earlier, and fiercely defended their territory and political power against all newcomers.
[7][8] Post-World War I tensions caused inter-community frictions, especially in the competitive labor and housing markets.
[9] Overcrowding and increased African American resistance against racism, especially by
war veterans contributed to the visible racial frictions.
[5] Also, a combination of ethnic gangs and police neglect strained the racial relationships.
[9]
The turmoil came to a boil during a summer heat wave with the death of Eugene Williams, an African-American youth who inadvertently drifted into a white swimming area at an informally
segregated beach
near 29th Street.
[10] Tensions between groups arose in a melee that blew up into days of unrest.
[5] Black neighbors near white areas were attacked, white gangs went into black neighborhoods, and black workers seeking to get to and from employment were attacked. Meanwhile some blacks organized to resist and protect, and some whites sought to lend aid to blacks, while the
police department often turned a blind eye or worse.
The
Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 28–29, 1919. The race riot resulted in the brutal lynching of Will Brown, a black worker; the death of two white men; the attempted hanging of the mayor Edward Parsons Smith; and a public rampage by thousands of whites who set fire to the Douglas County Courthouse in downtown Omaha. It followed more than 20 race riots that occurred in major industrial cities of the United States during the Red Summer of 1919.
The race riot in
Washington, D.C. was one of more than twenty that took place during the “Red Summer” of 1919. Lasting a total of only four days, this short-lived riot was more accurately described as a “race war” taking place in the nation’s capital.
On Saturday night, July 19, 1919, in a downtown bar, a group of white veterans sparked a rumor regarding the arrest, questioning, and release of a black man suspected by the Metropolitan Police Department of sexually assaulting a white woman. The victim was also the wife of a Navy man. The rumor traveled throughout the saloons and pool halls of downtown Washington, angering the several soldiers, sailors, and marines taking their weekend liberty, including many veterans of
World War I.
Later that Saturday night, a mob of veterans headed toward Southwest D.C. to a predominantly black, poverty-stricken neighborhood with clubs, lead pipes, and pieces of lumber in hand. The veterans brutally beat all African Americans they encountered. African Americans were seized from their cars and from sidewalks and beaten without reason or mercy by white veterans, still in uniform, drawing little to no police attention.
On Sunday, July 20, the violence continued to grow, in part because the seven-hundred-member Metropolitan Police Department failed to intervene. African Americans continued to face brutal beatings in the streets of Washington, at the Center Market on Seventh Street NW,
and even in front of the White House.
These are but 4 of the "riots" that took place during the “Red Summer” of 1919. One of the worst acts of domestic terrorism in American history happened in two days of American history beginning on May 41st 1921, in Tulsa Oklahoma. This act of terrorism has gone long ignored in understanding the brutality and long-lasting effects of these acts upon blacks in America to this very moment. For years prosperous blacks were terrorized, and black communities destroyed by mobs of angry whites who felt they were losing out because blacks had acquired the same things whites had. Ignored was the fact that blacks worked hard to get what they had, but that didn’t matter because blacks were to always be lesser than whites and that was to be accomplished by any means necessary. This has been a consistent attitude by a portion of the white community throughout American history and that includes right now.
Blacks peacefully moved north in order to get the same thing white immigrants had and this is just some of what happened. White immigrants are the ones who committed the violence against blacks. So why can’t blacks raise themselves up by their bootstraps just like everyone else? After all, everybody had it hard.