Lower-income households pay a higher effective tax rate in the United States primarily through
state and local tax systems. While the federal tax system is progressive (higher earners pay a higher percentage), state and local governments frequently rely on
regressive taxes—such as sales tax, excise taxes, and property taxes—that disproportionately consume a larger share of a low-income family's budget.
Here is where the poor pay a higher rate, according to tax policy analysis:
- State and Local Tax Systems (General): According to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP), in 45 states, low-income residents pay a higher effective tax rate than the top 1 percent.
- The "Terrible 10" States: The states with the most regressive tax systems—meaning they hit the poor the hardest—are Washington, Florida, Texas, South Dakota, Nevada, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.
- Consumption Taxes (Sales Tax): Because lower-income families spend all or most of their earnings on basic needs (necessities) that are subject to sales tax, while higher-income families save and invest a large portion of their income (which is not taxed by sales tax), the effective sales tax rate is higher for the poor.
- Excise Taxes ("Sin" Taxes): Taxes on specific goods like gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol are often flat fees per unit (e.g., per gallon or pack). These hit low-income consumers harder as a percentage of their income.
- Payroll Taxes: While not always labeled "regressive," Social Security payroll taxes are capped, meaning wealthy people pay 0% tax on income above a certain limit, resulting in a lower percentage of their total income going toward this tax compared to the working poor.
Key Findings on Disparity:
- Washington State: The poorest 20% of families in Washington pay 17.8% of their income in state and local taxes, whereas the top 1% pay roughly 3%.
- National Average: The bottom 20% of taxpayers pay a state and local effective tax rate of 11.4%, which is more than 50% higher than the rate paid by the top 1% (7.4%).
- "Low-Tax" Trap: States with no income tax (e.g., Texas, Florida) often boast about being low-tax, but they make up for it with high sales and property taxes, making them high-tax for the poor.