Yes, several studies indicate that
solar farms can create a localized cooling effect, particularly during the daytime. This is attributed to two main factors:
- Photovoltaic Conversion: Solar panels convert a portion of the incoming solar energy into electricity. This conversion process removes some of the energy that would have otherwise been absorbed by the land surface and dissipated as heat. This removal of energy from the immediate environment leads to a cooling effect.
- Albedo Effect (Modified by PV panels):While dark-colored panels might initially suggest warming due to lower albedo (reflectivity), the effective albedo(considering energy converted to electricity) tends to increase significantly. This increased effective albedo further contributes to cooling.
Specific Findings:
- Global Assessment (116 solar farms): A global study analyzing 116 solar farms found a statistically significant cooling effect on land surface temperature (LST) during the daytime, with an average reduction of 0.49 Kelvin. This effect was strongest in barren lands (-0.77 K), followed by grasslands (-0.47 K), and weakest in croplands (-0.25 K).
- Arid Regions: Studies on solar parks in arid locations have found they produced 'cool islands' extending around 700 meters from the boundaries. These cool islands reduced the surrounding land surface temperature by up to 2.3°C at 100 meters, with the effect lessening further out.
- Field Data and Simulations: A study analyzing data and using simulations from a large solar farm in North America found that, although air temperatures within the array could be higher, the thermal energy dissipated at higher elevations (5 to 18 meters). The data also indicated a decline in air temperature to ambient levels at about 300 meters from the perimeter.
Important Considerations:
- Variability:The magnitude and even the direction (warming vs. cooling) of the localized temperature impact can vary considerably depending on factors such as:
- Solar farm size and capacity
- Land cover type (barren land, grassland, cropland)
- Installation methods
- Regional and seasonal variations
- Potential for Warming: Some studies have shown limited daytime warming, particularly in urban areas or with specific panel configurations. However, the overall evidence suggests cooling is more prevalent.
Conclusion:
While complex and variable, the evidence suggests that solar farms, especially in arid regions and during the daytime, are capable of creating a localized cooling effect, impacting land surface temperature and potentially influencing surrounding ecosystems.