Zone1 Only SIX PERCENT of Black slaves were sent to America. The rest went to S American sugar plantations.

[IM2]

Why are there posts still here about Critical Race Theory when that is not the topic?

 

[surada]

The article was good insight. But be aware of the time scale they are using. From 1500s to 1800s. A large fraction of that trade in sugar,mining,etc was BEFORE the East Coast of the US lands were even habitable. And it was done under Imperial ORDERS from Spain, Portugal, France, England. The brutality doesn't even qualify as "market" for slaves. And IMPORTATION of slaves was ended in the US around 1808, when signed by T. Jefferson.

From the article.


The massive enslavement of native Indians in South America and their DEMISE - was replaced by African slave trade in the latter 1600s.

The Sugar Barons were expelled from Spain and Portugal. Many went to Amsterdam .. they were Jews and Conversos. Many were stockholders in the Dutch East Indies company.

In the 1500s they became the Sugar Jews.

 

[Ordinary Guy]

The Sugar Barons were expelled from Spain and Portugal. Many went to Amsterdam .. they were Jews and Conversos. Many were stockholders in the Dutch East Indies company.

In the 1500s they became the Sugar Jews.

Sugar Plantations were all over the Virgin islands with many of the populations coming from those originals slave families

 

[flacaltenn]

The Sugar Barons were expelled from Spain and Portugal. Many went to Amsterdam .. they were Jews and Conversos. Many were stockholders in the Dutch East Indies company.

In the 1500s they became the Sugar Jews.

This was in 1497 when Portugal King COMPELLED conversion to Christianity or expulsion. And Spain had started "The Inquistion" even earlier resulting in almost complete expulsion of the Jews. Many expelled or converted WENT TO BRAZIL (before the Caribbean routes opened or America was a thing) and needed to start a new life. SOME actually went back to practicing Judaism secretly until the OTHER Euro powers ended the Dutch influence on Brazil.

Not big demand for accountants, shop keepers, retail type trade then. To survive, you worked in the AVAILABLE commercial trades. When the Dutch influence ENDED -- MOST of them WENT BACK TO EUROPE.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/10/17/half-truths-and-history-the-debate-over-jews-and-slavery/6b2b2453-01da-4429-bd50-beff03741418/

Most Americans don't realize either that the transatlantic slave trade was driven by the sugar trade. Sugar cane was a scarce medicinal plant in medieval Europe. But when white colonizers started cultivating sugar in the fertile tropics of the Americas, it rapidly became a staple -- and a great source of wealth for Europe's shipping and trading powers. This New World economy of sugar and slaves -- of vast, labor-intensive plantations -- began in earnest in Brazil during the 1500s, according to historians. The involvement of Jews in black slavery began there also.

* Brazil. The Portuguese were the first to colonize Brazil, and Sephardic Jews from Portugal were among these early settlers. "In its early years," writes Seymour B. Liebman in "New World Jewry, 1493-1825," "Brazil was built by Negro slaves (400,000 between 1570 and 1670) and the acumen, hard work and calculating perseverance of the Jews."

Some background is essential. The Sephardim -- that is, the Jews of Spain and Portugal -- had flourished for centuries in the Iberian peninsula. By 1497, they made up an estimated 20 percent of Portugal's population of 1 million. But that year, the king of Portugal compelled the Jews to convert to Christianity. (Spain had similarly forced its Jews to convert or flee five years earlier.) While many Jews left Portugal, others indeed were baptized and became "New Christians." Despite the church's persecution, some continued to practice Judaism in secret; they came to be known as "Marranos."

New Christians were drawn to Brazil, in part because it was far from the seat of the Inquisition, but also because the South American colony was a place where the Sephardim could apply their established expertise in trade and sugar cultivation. Soon a Sephardic community thrived in Brazil's pivotal port city of Recife. When the Dutch -- then unique in Europe for their religious tolerance -- took control of Brazil in 1630, the Marranos there were able to practice Judaism openly again.

During this time in Brazil, Jews owned a small percentage of the sugar plantations but were the predominant retailers of slaves in the colony, according to Arnold Wiznitzer's "Jews in Colonial Brazil."

NONE OF THIS absolves the VAST MAJORITY of white, and rich CHRISTIAN EUROS from being the BULK of the slave/sugar routes.

 

[surada]

This was in 1497 when Portugal King COMPELLED conversion to Christianity or expulsion. And Spain had started "The Inquistion" even earlier resulting in almost complete expulsion of the Jews. Many expelled or converted WENT TO BRAZIL (before the Caribbean routes opened or America was a thing) and needed to start a new life. SOME actually went back to practicing Judaism secretly until the OTHER Euro powers ended the Dutch influence on Brazil.

Not big demand for accountants, shop keepers, retail type trade then. To survive, you worked in the AVAILABLE commercial trades. When the Dutch influence ENDED -- MOST of them WENT BACK TO EUROPE.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/10/17/half-truths-and-history-the-debate-over-jews-and-slavery/6b2b2453-01da-4429-bd50-beff03741418/

Most Americans don't realize either that the transatlantic slave trade was driven by the sugar trade. Sugar cane was a scarce medicinal plant in medieval Europe. But when white colonizers started cultivating sugar in the fertile tropics of the Americas, it rapidly became a staple -- and a great source of wealth for Europe's shipping and trading powers. This New World economy of sugar and slaves -- of vast, labor-intensive plantations -- began in earnest in Brazil during the 1500s, according to historians. The involvement of Jews in black slavery began there also.

* Brazil. The Portuguese were the first to colonize Brazil, and Sephardic Jews from Portugal were among these early settlers. "In its early years," writes Seymour B. Liebman in "New World Jewry, 1493-1825," "Brazil was built by Negro slaves (400,000 between 1570 and 1670) and the acumen, hard work and calculating perseverance of the Jews."

Some background is essential. The Sephardim -- that is, the Jews of Spain and Portugal -- had flourished for centuries in the Iberian peninsula. By 1497, they made up an estimated 20 percent of Portugal's population of 1 million. But that year, the king of Portugal compelled the Jews to convert to Christianity. (Spain had similarly forced its Jews to convert or flee five years earlier.) While many Jews left Portugal, others indeed were baptized and became "New Christians." Despite the church's persecution, some continued to practice Judaism in secret; they came to be known as "Marranos."

New Christians were drawn to Brazil, in part because it was far from the seat of the Inquisition, but also because the South American colony was a place where the Sephardim could apply their established expertise in trade and sugar cultivation. Soon a Sephardic community thrived in Brazil's pivotal port city of Recife. When the Dutch -- then unique in Europe for their religious tolerance -- took control of Brazil in 1630, the Marranos there were able to practice Judaism openly again.

During this time in Brazil, Jews owned a small percentage of the sugar plantations but were the predominant retailers of slaves in the colony, according to Arnold Wiznitzer's "Jews in Colonial Brazil."

NONE OF THIS absolves the VAST MAJORITY of white, and rich CHRISTIAN EUROS from being the BULK of the slave/sugar routes.

My ancestors were Dutch sea captains who worked for the Dutch East Indies company.