| Study | Significant Effect Reported (Main Specification) |
|---|
| Lott and Mustard (1997)a | Decrease in violent crime, murders, rapes, and assaults |
| Bartley and Cohen (1998) | Decrease in violent crime robust to alternate model specifications |
| Black and Nagin (1998) | Increase in assaults |
| Bronars and Lott (1998) | Decrease in murders and rapes, displacement of crime to other jurisdictions |
| Lott (1998a)a | Decrease in violent crime in most states implementing the law |
| Lott (1998b)a | Decrease in violent crime; increase in property crime |
| Ludwig (1998) | None detected |
| Ayres and Donohue (1999)a | Increase in property crime |
| Lott and Landes (1999)a | Decrease in murders and injuries from multiple-victim public shootings |
| Lott (2000)a | Decrease in all crime categories |
| Benson and Mast (2001) | Decrease in violent crime, murders, rapes, and robberies |
| Duggan (2001) | Decrease in assaults |
| Moody (2001)a | Decrease in violent crime |
| Olson and Maltz (2001) | Decrease in firearm murders |
| Plassmann and Tideman (2001) | Decrease in murders and rapes; increase in robberies |
| Lott and Whitley (2003)a | Decrease in violent crime, murders, rapes, and robberies |
| Plassmann and Whitley (2003)b | Decrease in rapes and robberies |
| Rubin and Dezhbakhsh (2003) | Decrease in murders; increase in robberies |
| Ayres and Donohue (2003a)a | Increase in more crime categories than saw a decrease |
| Ayres and Donohue (2003b)a | Increase or no effect in all crime categories |
| Donohue (2003)a | Mixed; effects were sensitive to model specifications and data |
| Helland and Tabarrok (2004) | Increase in property crime, auto thefts, and larcenies |
