Zone1 How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
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AZrailwhale
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(d) The Colonial Administration as Economic Exploiter
In addition to private companies, the colonial state also engaged directly in the economic exploitation and impoverishment of Africa. The equivalent of the colonial office in each colonising country worked hand in hand with their governors in Africa to carry out a number of functions; the principal ones being as follows:
(a) To protect national interests against competition from other capitalists.
(b) To arbitrate the conflicts between their own capitalists.
(c) To guarantee optimum conditions under which private companies could exploit Africans.
The last mentioned objective was the most crucial. That is why colonial governments were repeatedly speaking about ‘the maintenance of law and order’, by which they meant the maintenance of conditions most favourable to the expansion of capitalism and the plunder of Africa. This led the colonial governments to impose taxes.
One of the main purposes of the colonial taxation system was to provide requisite funds for administering the colony as a field of exploitation. European colonisers ensured that Africans paid for the upkeep of the governors and police who oppressed them and served as watchdogs for private capitalists. Indeed, taxes and customs duties were levied in the 19th century with the aim of allowing the colonial powers to recover the costs of the armed forces which they despatched to conquer Africa. In effect, therefore, the colonial governments never put a penny into the colonies. All expenses were met by exploiting the labour and natural resources of the continent; and for all practical purposes the expense of maintaining the colonial government machinery was a form of alienation of the products of African labour. The French colonies were especially victimised in this respect. Particularly since 1921, the local revenue raised from taxation had to meet all expenses as well as to build up a reserve.
In addition to private companies, the colonial state also engaged directly in the economic exploitation and impoverishment of Africa. The equivalent of the colonial office in each colonising country worked hand in hand with their governors in Africa to carry out a number of functions; the principal ones being as follows:
(a) To protect national interests against competition from other capitalists.
(b) To arbitrate the conflicts between their own capitalists.
(c) To guarantee optimum conditions under which private companies could exploit Africans.
The last mentioned objective was the most crucial. That is why colonial governments were repeatedly speaking about ‘the maintenance of law and order’, by which they meant the maintenance of conditions most favourable to the expansion of capitalism and the plunder of Africa. This led the colonial governments to impose taxes.
One of the main purposes of the colonial taxation system was to provide requisite funds for administering the colony as a field of exploitation. European colonisers ensured that Africans paid for the upkeep of the governors and police who oppressed them and served as watchdogs for private capitalists. Indeed, taxes and customs duties were levied in the 19th century with the aim of allowing the colonial powers to recover the costs of the armed forces which they despatched to conquer Africa. In effect, therefore, the colonial governments never put a penny into the colonies. All expenses were met by exploiting the labour and natural resources of the continent; and for all practical purposes the expense of maintaining the colonial government machinery was a form of alienation of the products of African labour. The French colonies were especially victimised in this respect. Particularly since 1921, the local revenue raised from taxation had to meet all expenses as well as to build up a reserve.
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I am completely cognizant of reality. Black Egyptians have always existed.
My father had this complexion. White gave themselves credit for Egypt but:
These ancient paintings tell a different story.
Mikeoxenormous
Diamond Member
Only after they were conquered by the light skin Egyptians, from the tribes of the South. You know, enslaved at first then given freedom if they served the Pharoh's well.I am completely cognizant of reality. Black Egyptians have always existed.
My father had this complexion. White gave themselves credit for Egypt but:
These ancient paintings tell a different story.
Kruska
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Kruska
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You mean African's didn't do that? or the elephant saying: No you can't have my tusks, because I am property of the Fusi Watusi tribe?
Obviously you have never been to Africa.
rightwinger
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You bet your ass Africans did all the work at slave wages
Europeans took home all the profit
Because I assume you have read the book, I expect you to be able to express its arguments using your own words.
Prior to European colonialism the Bantu were at about the same level as the German tribesmen written about by Julius Caesar and Tacitus about two thousand years ago. The political unit was the tribe. They had agriculture and the use of iron. They had no systems of writing and mathematics, and no cities.
Prior to the coming of Columbus the Maya Indians had developed indigenous systems of writing and mathematics. Maya mathematicians were using the concept of zero before European mathematicians: Roman numbers have no zero. Maya astronomers were able to predict eclipses of the sun and the moon. The Aztecs adopted Maya writing and mathematics.
Mac-7
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Is it any different today when red china is taking african resources?
Africans have had 75 years of freedom and havent learned a thing
toobfreak
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Woodznutz
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True. I live a simple life and love it.
Woodznutz
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Perhaps the 'curse of Canaan' is still in effect. The Jews are clearly still under a curse.Cherrry picking pictures that confirm your bias shows just how much you need to read this information.
Naiirobi Kenya
Khartoum Sudan
Addis Ababa Ethiopia
The America you don't post pictures of
I'm not summarizing anything. Read the information so you can learn something because your summary of Africa is inaccurate and it should be debunked using evidence presented by experts on African history. We have not had a hard time adapting to anything. This is where your delusions come into play. We have faxed racism, that has been the problem. Other races have had the same problem and jews are not a race. Indians get here on the H1B Government program that gives them jobs. You do need to read what happened because you do not know the half. You believe a bunch of white nonsense.
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Having set up the police, army, civil service and judiciary on African soil, the colonising powers were then in a position to intervene much more directly in the economic life of the people than had been the case previously. One major problem in Africa from a capitalist viewpoint was how to induce Africans to become labourers or cash-crop farmers. In some areas, such as West Africa, Africans had become so attached to European manufactures during the early period of trade that, on their own initiative, they were prepared to go to great lengths to participate in the colonial money economy. But that was not the universal response. In many instances, Africans did not consider the monetary incentives great enough to justify changing their way of life so as to become labourers or cash-crop farmers. In such cases, the colonial state intervened to use law, taxation and outright force to make Africans pursue a line favourable to capitalist profits.
When colonial governments seized African lands, they achieved two things simultaneously. They satisfied their own citizens (who wanted mining concessions or farming land) and they created the conditions whereby landless Africans had to work not just to pay taxes but also to survive. In settler areas such as Kenya and Rhodesia the colonial government also prevented Africans from growing cash-crops so that their labour would be available directly for the whites. One of the Kenya white settlers, Colonel Grogan, put it bluntly when he said of the Kikuyu: ‘We have stolen his land. Now we must steal his limbs. Compulsory labour is the corollary of our occupation of the country.’
In those parts of the continent where land was still in African hands, colonial governments forced Africans to produce cash-crops no matter how low the prices were. The favourite technique was taxation. Money taxes were introduced on numerous items – cattle, land, houses and the people themselves. Money to pay taxes was got by growing cash-crops or working on European farms or in their mines. An interesting example of what colonialism was all about was provided in French Equatorial Africa, where French officials banned the Mandja people (now in Congo Brazzaville) from hunting, so that they would engage solely in cotton cultivation. The French enforced the ban although there was little livestock in the area and hunting was the main source of meat in the people’s diet.
Finally, when all else failed, colonial powers resorted widely to the physical coercion of labour – backed up of course by legal sanctions, since anything which the colonial government chose to do was ‘legal’. The laws and by-laws which peasants in British East Africa were required to maintain minimum acreages of cash-crops like cotton and groundnuts were in effect forms of coercion by the colonial state, although they are not normally considered under the heading of ‘forced labour’. The simplest form of forced labour was that which colonial governments exacted to carry out ‘public works’. Labour for a given number of days per year had to be given free for these ‘public works’ – building castles for governors, prisons for Africans, barracks for troops, and bungalows for colonial officials. A great deal of this forced labour went into the construction of roads, railways and ports to provide the infrastructure for private capitalist investment and to facilitate the export of cash-crops.
When colonial governments seized African lands, they achieved two things simultaneously. They satisfied their own citizens (who wanted mining concessions or farming land) and they created the conditions whereby landless Africans had to work not just to pay taxes but also to survive. In settler areas such as Kenya and Rhodesia the colonial government also prevented Africans from growing cash-crops so that their labour would be available directly for the whites. One of the Kenya white settlers, Colonel Grogan, put it bluntly when he said of the Kikuyu: ‘We have stolen his land. Now we must steal his limbs. Compulsory labour is the corollary of our occupation of the country.’
In those parts of the continent where land was still in African hands, colonial governments forced Africans to produce cash-crops no matter how low the prices were. The favourite technique was taxation. Money taxes were introduced on numerous items – cattle, land, houses and the people themselves. Money to pay taxes was got by growing cash-crops or working on European farms or in their mines. An interesting example of what colonialism was all about was provided in French Equatorial Africa, where French officials banned the Mandja people (now in Congo Brazzaville) from hunting, so that they would engage solely in cotton cultivation. The French enforced the ban although there was little livestock in the area and hunting was the main source of meat in the people’s diet.
Finally, when all else failed, colonial powers resorted widely to the physical coercion of labour – backed up of course by legal sanctions, since anything which the colonial government chose to do was ‘legal’. The laws and by-laws which peasants in British East Africa were required to maintain minimum acreages of cash-crops like cotton and groundnuts were in effect forms of coercion by the colonial state, although they are not normally considered under the heading of ‘forced labour’. The simplest form of forced labour was that which colonial governments exacted to carry out ‘public works’. Labour for a given number of days per year had to be given free for these ‘public works’ – building castles for governors, prisons for Africans, barracks for troops, and bungalows for colonial officials. A great deal of this forced labour went into the construction of roads, railways and ports to provide the infrastructure for private capitalist investment and to facilitate the export of cash-crops.
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That's not exactly true and what this documents is how whites messed up Africa and used that continent to gain wealth. Europe would be nothing without Africa.
Civilization civilizes, but the process is evolutionary and takes many generations. Civilizations select genetically for intelligence. They select genetically against criminal inclinations.
Empires imposed civilization onto barbarians. The Roman Empire imposed civilization on the Celts. The Holy Roman Empire imposed civilization on the Germans. The European empires in sub Saharan Africa ended centuries too soon.
Europeans in sub Saharan Africa built schools, hospitals, electric power generators, water purification plants, and other aspects of white civilization. These are deteriorating not that the whites have left.
Europeans did not hold African Negroes down. They lifted them up. In the absence of whites African Negroes are declining.
Empires imposed civilization onto barbarians. The Roman Empire imposed civilization on the Celts. The Holy Roman Empire imposed civilization on the Germans. The European empires in sub Saharan Africa ended centuries too soon.
Europeans in sub Saharan Africa built schools, hospitals, electric power generators, water purification plants, and other aspects of white civilization. These are deteriorating not that the whites have left.
Europeans did not hold African Negroes down. They lifted them up. In the absence of whites African Negroes are declining.
The opportunities are there now. And have for decades Not one from that area has developed free energy or massive ways of comfort for us and the world.
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