The ratings agencies gave AAA ratings to toxic CDOs in exchange for fees and ongoing business from the firms that built these fraudulent derivatives.
The certainly deserve to be sued, at the very least.
It was your 401k that was robbed. It was your insurance company that was robbed. It was your public employee pension fund that was robbed. It was your city treasurer who was robbed. It was your college endowment fund that was robbed. Higher insurance rates, higher taxes, higher tuition.
Wall Street is a thief with police protection.
Can you tell me more about these toxic CDO's? Were they credit enhanced?
How much time do you have?
Hubris
If you buy a house, the terms of your mortgage usually require you to buy fire insurance. If the house burns down, you collect the insurance and pay off the mortgage.
While you have the risk of your house burning down, the bank lending you the money is taking a risk that you will fail to pay off that mortgage (default).
Thousands of mortgages may be rolled into a financial instrument called a mortgage-backed security (MBS). These have been around a long time and functioned very well. An investor buys a chunk of mortgages, and that is where the money you borrow comes from. Investors, by way of a financial institution which channels the investors’ money through a mortgage broker.
Investors are your 401k manager, your public employee pension fund manager, your college endowment fund, your city treasurer, your local bank (which shares its profits in the way of interest on your bank account), your health, auto, and life insurance companies, Saudi princes, governments, and so forth.
At the beginning of this century, investors collectively had $70 trillion to invest. That’s a lot of money looking for someone to borrow it.
Homeowners are not the only people who borrow money.
Governments borrow money by issuing bonds. Governments like Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. These debts are known as “sovereign bonds”.
Corporations borrow money. Corporate bonds.
Anyone who uses a credit card is borrowing money. Anyone who gets a car loan is borrowing money.
When you make a payment on your mortgage or credit card or student loan or car loan, that is a “revenue stream” of principle and interest.
In what I call the Old Testament days, a lender was directly on the hook for your loan. Or an investor owned a piece of your loan.
For instance, an MBS consists of thousands of loans. Investors buy the MBS, and out of all those loans, a certain percentage of people are going to default. The investors all take an equal loss when that happens.
For this reason, investors want the broker who arranges the loan to be one bastard of a due diligence kind of guy. They want actuarials out the wazoo.
This is all about risk.
In the late 90s, the geniuses at JP Morgan figured out a way to change the risk game. They called this new derivative a Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO). CDOs are all christened with a name, and this one was called
BISTRO.
Now, imagine the revenue stream created from thousands of payments from corporate bonds or mortgages or student loans or sovereign bonds or credit cards. That’s quite a river of money flowing by.
What a CDO does for an investor is allow them to buy a cup of whatever size they wish, with the understanding that the smaller your cup, the closer to the front of the line you get to be to scoop from that revenue stream. The bigger your cup, the farther back in the line you are.
You want a big return on your investment, you buy a big cup, but you are taking the risk that the money stream will be all gone by the time you get your turn.
As borrowers begin defaulting, there is less and less water in the stream each month when it comes time to dip your cup.
Now, the first CDO (BISTRO) was made up of the loans given to blue chip corporations. A blue chip corporation rarely defaults on a loan. And so the risk in BISTRO was minimal.
But this New Testament device ran into problems with an Old Testament regulation.
A lending institution must keep an adequate capital ratio to cover any potential defaults on the loans it makes. This is money it therefore cannot put to work making more loans, much to the annoyance of lenders.
So here’s where the genesis of our financial Armageddon was begun: JP Morgan proved to the regulators that their institution had no financial risk whatsoever with a CDO. They would sell all the big cups to investors (junior tranches), and keep only the tiniest of cups for themselves (super senior tranches). Therefore, the entire revenue stream would have to dry up before they would take a loss, and the actuarials showed that the Universe itself would end before that would ever happen. The chances of every blue chip corporation defaulting was infinity to one.
JP Morgan was correct in this claim. Totally correct.
Since JP Morgan proved they had no financial risk with a CDO, the regulators waived their capital reserve requirements.
And this set the precedent. All the illusions about the removal of all risk for all future lenders who jumped on the CDO bandwagon was started with BISTRO. And this innovation ultimately brought down economies all over the world.
You see, the chance of a bunch of blue chip loans all defaulting really is zero. But that is not true when you copy that model over to student loans, home mortgages, credit card balances, sovereign debts, and so forth. Especially when this assumption leads you to loan more money to more people than you ever have before in the belief you no longer have any risk.
$70 trillion and the CDO. That’s all it took to destroy us.
Investors went crazy over the CDO derivative. I can buy any size cup I want, depending on how much risk I want to take? AWESOME!
They could not get enough of these things. The demand was simply unbelievable.
And that was the problem. Extremely high demand for CDO tranches, and too small a supply of CDOs to go around.
What is a CDO revenue stream made of, boys and girls? Right! Loans. Debts.
So if there is a screaming demand for revenue streams, how do you create those revenue streams?
Right! You get as many people as possible to borrow money. Hey Greece! Let us throw some cash at you! Hey, middle class fat guy! Let us throw some big houses and HELOCs at you!
But…there are only so many really good credit risks. There are only so many blue chip borrowers out there, by definition.
The demand for CDO tranches far exceeded the supply. And so Wall Street began to dip into less than stellar credit risks.
$70 trillion of investor money means there is a nearly bottomless pit of fees out there waiting to be harvested.
Ratings agencies wanted in on that action, too. Fees, fees, fees.
The more CDOs you build, the more service fees you harvest from the investors who buy them.
Soon, everyone on Wall Street was in on the action. The competition of both borrowers and investors was fierce. So they threw the underwriting laws of the Universe out the window with the credo, "If we don't do this, someone else will and they will get the fees instead of us."
The race to the bottom was on.