In 1953 Castro went to prison for his failed attack to the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba, but was released less than two years later under an amnesty law. Batista,elected president , dismissed a settlement with the opposition that could have avoided a lot of blood and tears, and Castros ascendancy later on. At the end of 1956, while Cuba enjoyed solid growth and was one of the most advanced Latin American countries, Castro returned from Mexico with a small expedition that landed in Oriente Province. An uprising supporting him was defeated in Santiago de Cuba. Castro and other survivors sought refuge in the Sierra Maestra mountains after a clash with army detachments. The US correspondent Herbert Matthews elevated Castro to the rank of a tropical Robin Hood who would rectify Cuban inequities. Almost the entire world bought the propaganda from that leftist expert, who would defend Castro for the rest of his life.
Arthur Gardner, the US Ambassador to Havana, suspected that some pro-Communist feelings within the US State Department would ruin the US policy toward Cuba. Ambassador Earl Smith, Gardners replacement, was also vehemently anti-Communist. His policy recommendations to forestall the influence of Castro fell on deaf ears. US State Department officials Roy Rubottom and William Wieland , in connection with Herbert Matthews, were behind the US policy favoring Castro , discarding any possible solution to the Cuban crisis with other opposition figures and some anti-Batista military officers.
By 1957 the struggle against Batista was mainly centered in urban areas, far away from the Sierra Maestra and Castro. An attack to the presidential palace and a naval mutiny failed , leading to more brutal police repression . The phrase Anyone is better than Batista became popular among many Cubans. Early in 1958 the graft in the official circles was overwhelming , and the economy began a deterioration due to an increase of the sabotage. The US discontinued tarms supplies to Batista, damaging the precarious morale of the poorly led and unmotivated Cuban soldiers that were unable to defeat Castro during a summer offensive. Castro capitalized from corrupt military officers with no will to fight , and extended the guerrilla operations with weapons sent from Florida and Costa Rica. A rumor about a Russian submarine that provided him military supplies never was confirmed.
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