Pinkerton Theoretical Cosmological Model Of the Universe

[pywakit]

An Open Letter To All Scientists ...

I am writing to you because the science community does not make allowances for innovation, or insights from a layperson. ( non-theist version ) It's not my desire to annoy you, or waste your time. But it is my hope that in the spirit of open-mindedness, you might take a few minutes to read the following.

It seems impossible to separate ego ( I have a big one, too ) and beliefs from an objective view of the universe. Having read a great deal about black holes, I am struck not by the consensus of opinion, but the lack of one. It fascinates me that the less someone knows about these structures the more authoritative they sound.

I realize that my theory on black holes flies in the face of mainstream science, and undoubtedly your 'beliefs' too. Perhaps you have already traveled this road and found it desolate. If so, my apologies.

I first proposed this on 1/26/09. It is short, and self-explanatory.
Pinkerton Theoretical Cosmological Model Of The Universe 1/26/09
The Theory:
1. The visible/local universe has a finite amount of mass.
2. Black holes have a finite critical mass limit.
3. That limit is exactly equal to the total mass ( matter + energy ) in the visible/local universe.
The Process:
1. Black holes convert all matter/energy into sub-elemental hydrogen for uniform 'stacking'.
2. Black holes do not appear to be subject to normal laws of space ( rotational speed limits, inertia )
3. Black holes ( to our knowledge ) currently merge at velocities 'tethered' by the rotational force and tidal forces of the satellite galaxy, or even just a single stellar companion.
4. Over eons of time black holes will grow in mass/gravity.
5. Although some escapes temporarily through x-ray/gamma ray bursts ( and possibly through Hawking Radiation ) they continue to grow in mass/gravity.
6. Eventually unencumbered by the rotational/tidal force of orbiting galaxies, black holes could theoretically achieve near infinite velocities. Therefore significantly speeding up the merging process and 'chasing down' gravitational sources at velocities far out-pacing the expansion of space.
7. As the mass/gravity grows so does it's rotational speed, and potential velocity as it seeks other sources of gravitons.
8. The strain on space ( ripple effect ) increases with the growing mass.
9. As our visible/local universe nears the end of it's life cycle, only one black hole remains, containing nearly all the mass in the visible/local universe ( still within upper mass limits predicted by physicists )
10. At this trigger point, all remaining space containing matter/energy collapses into the black hole.
11. When the last sub-atomic particle reaches the point of singularity, critical mass is achieved.
12. The Big Bang.
13. Space 'snaps' back to near-uniformity taking hydrogen/microwave/x-ray/gamma ray radiation with it.
14. Space immediately begins to cool, and star/galaxy formation begins.
The Logic:
1. All things in the physical universe have a critical mass point. Except, so far, black holes.
2. I believe theoretical physics currently allows for such a process, and observations are beginning to bear out this reality.
3. At the time calculations were made regarding upper-mass limits, black holes were mere theoretical oddities, and even Einstein argued against the possibility of their actual existence in physical space.
4. Though we have never seen a black hole reach critical mass, that in no way suggests they don't.
5. The visible/local universe has yet to reach infancy compared to it's expected life span. It is premature to assume on such small evidence that the current expansion will go on forever.
The Evidence/Proof:
1. The laws of physics, quantum mechanics.
2. The observations, predictions and experiments providing adequate proof/accuracy of those laws.
3. The current chemical/radiological composition of the visible universe.
4. The current ( and upwardly mobile ) estimated mass of the visible/local universe now approaching the numbers derived for black hole upper-mass limits.
5. Recent observations of black holes merging or set to merge.
6. The recent acceptance that all galaxies have black holes, or super-massive black holes at their core.
7. The recent observations detecting more galaxies gravitationally bound to ours, and Andromeda.
8. No evidence to support the recent hypothesis that black holes are limited to 50 billion sols.
9. No evidence of black holes showing appreciable loss of mass over time.
10. No evidence that black holes 'shunt' mass anywhere else.
11. No evidence of branes, strings, 5th through 11 dimensions, etc.
12. Closed-loop obeys all laws of thermo-dynamics/entropy.

13. Not affected by hypothetical dark matter/energy.
Predictions:
1. Black holes in excess of 50 billion sols will be discovered through the latest and soon to come optical/radio telescopes.
2. Every new discovery will fit within the parameters of this model.
3. This cycle will repeat endlessly.
In Conclusion:
1. This model answers the question of the observed chemical/radiological composition of the visible/local universe.
2. This model provides for 100% recycling of all matter/energy in the visible/local universe.
3. This model explains where the big bang got it's mass.
4. This model appears to violate no known laws.
5. This model requires no 'new' laws to function.
6. This model is vastly superior to all flawed existing, and previous models.
7. It still leaves the question "How did it begin?" to future theorists.
It is also my theory, however, that per Einstein's Uniformity of Space math ( born out by observations ), the universe is indeed infinite. That black holes are simply 'borrowed' energy from the fabric of space. That dark energy is not a force that 'acts' upon space but rather a 'property' of space. This process/cycle is akin to the sub-atomic particles that 'materialize' and are instantly annihilated by anti-particles ... but on a much larger scale.
And I also suggest that this process is going on throughout infinity, and has been eternally. The distance between black holes would be equivalent to the distance between the 'materializing' particles. If the loop was not closed, then we would get photons from outside our universe leaking ( over eternity ) here into our universe. And of course if the loop was not closed ... meaning if even a single photon were allowed to escape, the 'next' black hole would be one photon short of critical mass. I don't think space allows this to happen.
Logic tells me that if this theory is incorrect, then the universe did in fact have a beginning. And therefore it can not be either infinite, or eternal. That there really is nothing beyond the bubble of our expanding visible universe. That there was some metaphysical reason ( ie: God ) since it truly would have had to spring into existence from 'nothing' ... because there was no space with it's inherent energy to 'borrow' from.
I think there is sufficient evidence in Einstein's math to safely conclude this is not a possiblity. The 'lines' of space would not have an 'endpoint'.
It is possible that my supposition of black hole inertia-less velocities will not be born out by future observations, however this would not stop the process. Instead, it would merely slow it down. No matter how far space 'expands' the last black hole standing would warp space sufficiently to pull back any remaining mass/energy.
Reasonable logic tells me that if a 'big bang' could simply materialize from 'nothing' ( and sans God ) then that same process could happen at any time, at any location. Such as two seconds from now inside the Moon's orbit. That would appear ( so far, anyway ) not to be the case. There must be a process. A function that allows matter to exist, if only temporarily.
Logically, it took all the energy from our universe to create our universe.
I hope this didn't take too much of your time.
Thank you for your attention.
James Pinkerton
Copyright 2009 James Pinkerton


After Galileo's conviction for heresy ... and his subsequent sentencing ...

As he was being led away, he was credited with uttering these words under his breath .....

"But they move. They move!"

As I am being led away I will quietly utter these words .....

"But they merge. They merge!"

 

[waltky]

Light pollution interfering with view of Milky Way...

Milky Way Fades Away
June 13, 2016 - The Babylonians thought it was the tail of their goddess Tiamat. The ancient Greeks believed it endowed Hercules with his godlike abilities. But it wasn’t until 1610, when Galileo used his telescope to take a closer look at the Milky Way that he discovered it was stars. All stars. And now scientists say that our view of those stars is being washed out by human light sources that continue to brighten our skies.

Losing the 'Way'

An international group of scientists recently updated the World Atlas of Artificial Sky Brightness, which measures the amount of artificial light that reflects off the atmosphere back down onto Earth. High-resolution satellite data produced new maps of the world’s light pollution with 45 times more spatial resolution than before. A preliminary look at the new data reveals that one-third of humanity is now unable to see the Milky Way in the night sky. “We now have a couple generations of people that live in areas that are cut off from viewing of astronomical features," explains Dr. Chris Elvidge, a physical scientist at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information and a member of the team that updated the atlas. “People no longer have that view and the connection that view gives them to the cosmos.”

Scientists warn that views of the Milky Way as clear as this one are quickly becoming a thing of the past.​

As cities expand to accommodate rising populations, their artificial light output increases as well. This obscures the night sky from astronomers, hindering their ability to study the stars. The additional artificial lighting also has adverse effects on wildlife. “Every year the research just keeps coming in and the number of different species that are affected by light pollution just keeps growing and growing” says Cheryl Ann Bishop, Communications Director for the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). A moth fluttering around a light bulb as if stuck in a trance is a common enough occurrence but it’s also an example of how artificial lights can impact local ecosystems," explains Cheryl. Bats prey on moths and artificial lights have eased their hunt for food. The bats are drawn towards the light, away from their normal habitats, changing the local ecosystem.

Safety concerns are a leading cause of the increase in artificial lighting but research on its effectiveness is inconclusive. Humans have an instinctual fear of what is lurking in the dark and it’s one of the biggest challenges when convincing municipalities to address light pollution. “Good lighting will make you safer but that doesn’t mean more light,” explains Cheryl. The human eye is designed to accept light but saturating it with bright, improperly shielded lights actually makes it more difficult to see in the dark.

Ways to bring the lights down

Things aren’t all bad though. Lighting manufacturers are increasingly being asked to produce “dark sky friendly” products such as shielded residential light fixtures and directional flagpole lighting. The IDA approves these devices and promotes them to consumers. “We’re not anti-light … we’re not going to go backwards, but we want to make sure it’s done responsibly,” says Cheryl. The scientists involved in the study hope that this atlas will help bring awareness to the issue. “There’s ... a lot of other things happening in the world,” notes Dr. Elvidge. “It’s really good we are aware of it (light pollution) and maybe over time we can improve the situation.” The Milky Way may be lost to many humans now but there are people working to bring it back for future generations.

Milky Way Fades Away

See also:

LISA Pathfinder Mission Exceeds Expectations
June 14, 2016 - When the most massive objects in the universe collide, you'd expect some fanfare. But these objects - black holes - are so dense not even light can escape, so there's a bit of a "if two black holes collide and no one sees it, did it happen?" vibe.

But there is one thing that's immune to their gravitational grasp and scientists have been dreaming about finding it for a century - until this year. They're called gravitational waves. In 1916, Albert Einstein released his general theory of relativity, which posited the existence of gravitational waves - 'ripples' in the fabric of space-time. One hundred years later, this February, scientists at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) announced they had detected the first signatures of these cosmic disturbances. Last week, scientists with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission announced that their Pathfinder spacecraft protects the experiment well enough to detect gravitational waves from the universe’s most violent collisions - in space.

The case for space

Scientists detect gravitational waves by their effects on motionless objects called test masses. These objects must be perfectly still to measure vibrations smaller than an atom, that occur when a gravitational wave disturbs the mass. The purpose of the LISA Pathfinder mission was to test how well the spacecraft shielded two of these test masses from outside forces, in other words, anything that isn't a gravitational wave. If the masses are shielded properly, the only force acting on them would be gravity from the Sun and Earth, pulling the masses in a known orbit around the Sun. That is the closest you can get to standing still in space.

This image from the European Space Agency on Nov. 29, 2015, shows an artist’s rendering of the LISA Pathfinder, designed to test technology for future gravitational-wave observatories in space.​

The test masses were shuttled to a location between the Earth and Sun, approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, to escape terrestrial vibrations that would overshadow any gravitational wave effects. The spacecraft was switched on, and Paul McNamara, LISA Pathfinder Project Scientist, told VOA, “The performance was better than we had ever dreamt.… On the very first day we switched it on… we were absolutely delighted.” And with the success of the Pathfinder mission, the European Space Agency is looking ahead to putting three satellites into this orbital sweet spot, where they will do the same job as the LIGO observatory here on Earth.

A second gravitational wave detector may seem unnecessary, since we already have LIGO. But when the new observatory, which will be known as eLISA, is launched, its location in space will be crucial for detecting waves from the collisions of supermassive black holes. Here’s why: before they collide, the black holes orbit each other every 15 minutes, causing large gaps between the peaks of gravitational waves. To measure the motion of test masses due to the passing waves, the distance between test masses must be large enough to see the wave peak in one then another.

To picture this, imagine you and a friend are each sitting in boats on the water very close together. If a large wave passes under your boats, you will both rise and fall at about the same time, so you might not realize that anything had changed. However, if you are farther apart, one of you will begin to rise before your friend, so it is obvious that a wave has passed. Gravitational waves are so large that the distance between the test masses needs to be on the order of millions of kilometers. This calls for a space-based observatory to house the test masses.

More is better

Related:

Found: Missing Jupiters
June 14, 2016 - Kepler Space Telescope finds largest planet ever orbiting two stars

Two suns setting on the horizon conjures up images of Star Wars, and Luke Skywalker on his home planet, in a galaxy far, far away. And since the launch of NASA's Kepler mission in 2009, scientists have discovered almost a dozen planets orbiting two stars right here in our own galaxy. But their recent discovery of a very large planet is of particular interest.

Different from the rest

Researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and San Diego State University have discovered the first Jupiter-sized planet orbiting in the habitable zone of a binary system. It is 3,700 light-years away and about the same age as Earth. “This one is different from the others,” William Welsh, co-investigator of the project tells VOA. It’s called Kepler-1647b and it's "telling us there’s a whole bunch of planets like this out there that we haven’t seen before.”

Artist's interpretation of Kepler-1647b transiting a pair of stars​

Previous research has identified planets the size of Saturn and Neptune orbiting very close to double stars. But there is a noticeable lack of Jupiter-sized planets in close orbits. Richard Nelson, Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics at Queen Mary University of London, and a colleague did some research that tells us why. Giant planets whose orbits are too close to the central stars “would literally get kicked out of the system,” Nelson explains. His simulations showed that if Jupiter-sized planets were going to survive, they would need to be farther away from the stars. So Kepler-1647b is exactly where it should be, according to his calculations.

MORE