Picture Album Of Pakistan

[keyboardwarrior]

Pakistan National Field Hockey (National Sport of Pakistan)

Pakistan national field hockey team

The Pakistan National Field Hockey Team also known as the Green Shirts represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles. With 348 goals, Pakistan's Sohail Abbas holds the current world record for most international goals scored by a player in the history of international field hockey.

History

Hockey was originally brought to Pakistan under British rule, and like cricket soon became popular with the local population.

The Pakistan Hockey Federation came into being in 1948, following the independence and partition into Pakistan and India. Prior to this players from what is now Pakistan had competed internationally alongside players from what is now India. In the beginning, the Federation's membership included the Provincial Hockey/Sports Associations of West Punjab, East Bengal, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Bahawalpur & Services Sports Board. Pakistan played their first international in London when they defeated Belgium 2-1 in 14th Olympic Games hockey tournament on 2 August 1948.

The first President of PHF was Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan with Baseer Ali Sheikh as Honorary Secretary. The Pakistan national side soon established a strong reputation in international competition, helping to mainatin interest in the game in Pakistan which assisted the growth of the Federation. However, no full-time central office or secretariat, as such, was established until the 1960s.

The office of the Pakistan Hockey Federation, located in National Hockey Stadium, Lahore, Lahore, was developed into a Secretariat in 1971. It was during the second term as president of Air Marshal M. Nur Khan from 1978 that Pakistani hockey entered something of a golden age. National Senior, National Junior and Women Hockey Teams were all competing internationally, increasing the work load of PHF Office and secretary Brigadier M.H.Atif tremendously.

On the personal initiative of Air Marshal M. Nur Khan, the FIH introduced the World Cup Tournament and the Champions Trophy Tournament, which are now rated amongst the major international tournaments, alongside the Olympics. At this time, Pakistan held all the major titles in men's international hockey.

However, the 1976 Olympics in Montreal had seen the introduction of artificial turf to international hockey competition. Pakistan was unable to build as many of the new pitches as the European nations or Australia and New Zealand and so the strength of the national side declined. It was after a lapse of 12 years that the Pakistan Hockey Team again started climbing and won the Champions Trophy and the World Cup with Air Vice Marshal Farooq Umar as president and Colonel Mudassar as secretary of the Federation


Domestic Hockey Teams of Pakistan

Baloch Lions
Capital Dynamos
Frontier Falcon
Northern Cavaliers
Shan-e-Punjab
Sindh Qalanders


Field hockey at the Summer Olympics

Pakistan has won the Men's Hockey Gold Medal in the Summer Olympics a total of three times in 1960, 1968, and 1984. Pakistan has also won 3 silver and 2 bronze medals.

Silver: 1956 – Melbourne, Australia
Gold: 1960 – Rome, Italy
Silver: 1964 – Tokyo, Japan
Gold: 1968 – Mexico City, Mexico
Silver: 1972 – Munich, Germany
Bronze:1976 – Montreal, Canada
Gold: 1984 – Los Angeles, USA
Bronze:1992 – Barcelona, Spain



Hockey World Cup

Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup having won 4 golds in 1971, 1978, 1982 and 1994. They have come in second place twice.

Winner: 1971 – Barcelona, Spain
Runner-up: 1975 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Winner: 1978 – Buenos Aires, Argentina
Winner: 1982 – Mumbai, India
Runner-up: 1990 – Lahore, Pakistan
Winner: 1994 – Sydney, Australia


Hockey Champions Trophy

Pakistan has won the six nations Champions Trophy three times in 1978, 1980 and 1994. They have been runner-ups six times and they have also come in third place seven times.

Winner: 1978 – Lahore, Pakistan
Winner: 1980 – Karachi, Pakistan
Runner-up: 1983 – Karachi, Pakistan
Runner-up: 1984 – Karachi, Pakistan
Third place: 1986- Karachi, Pakistan
Runner-up: 1988 – Lahore, Pakistan
Runner-up: 1991 – Berlin, Germany
Third place: 1992 – Karachi, Pakistan
Winner: 1994 – Lahore, Pakistan
Third place: 1995 – Berlin, Germany
Runner-up: 1996 – Madras, India
Runner-up: 1998 – Lahore, Pakistan
Third place: 2002 – Cologne, Germany
Third place: 2003 – Amstelveen, Netherlands
Third place: 2004 – Lahore, Pakistan
Third place: 2012 - Melbourne, Australia


Asian Games

Pakistan has won the Asian Games eight times in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1990 and 2010; this is also the highest number of times a country has come first. They have also won 2 silver and 3 bronze medals.

Gold: 1958 – Tokyo, Japan
Gold: 1962 – Jakarta, Indonesia
Silver: 1966 – Bangkok, Thailand
Gold: 1970 – Bangkok, Thailand
Gold: 1974 – Tehran, Iran
Gold: 1978 – Bangkok, Thailand
Gold: 1982 – New Delhi, India
Silver: 1986 – Seoul, South Korea
Gold: 1990 – Beijing, China
Bronze:1994 – Hiroshima, Japan
Bronze:1998 – Bangkok, Thailand
Bronze:2006 – Doha, Qatar
Gold: 2010 – Guangzhou, China



Hockey Asia Cup

Pakistan has won the Asia Cup three times in 1982, 1985 and 1989. They have been runner-ups three times and have been in third place once.

Winner: 1982 – Karachi, Pakistan
Winner: 1985 – Dhaka, Bangladesh
Winner: 1989 – New Delhi, India
Third place: 1993 – Hiroshima, Japan
Runner-up: 1999 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Runner-up: 2003 – Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Runner-up: 2009 – Kuantan, Malaysia



Sultan Azlan Shah Cup

Pakistan has won the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup three times in 1999, 2000 and 2003. They have been runner-ups six times and have been in third place twice.

Runner-up: 1983 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Third place:1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Runner-up: 1987 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Runner-up: 1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Runner-up: 1994 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Winner: 1999 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Winner: 2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Winner: 2003 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Runner-up: 2004 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Third palce: 2005 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia
Runner-up: 2011 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup – Malaysia

Commonwealth Games
Bronze: 2002 – Manchester, England
Silver: 2006 – Melbourne, Australia

Asian Hockey Champions Trophy
Runner-up: 2011 – Ordos, China
Winner: 2012 – Doha, Qatar

Lahore and Karachi Hockey Stadiums

Both Stadiums with New Blue Turf

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi

St. Patrick’s Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi, is situated on Shahrah-e-Iraq, formerly known as Clarke Street, located near the Empress Market in Karachi, Pakistan.

The first church in Sindh (except for possibly one in Thatta) was initially built on the grounds of this cathedral in 1845, and was called St. Patrick’s Church. It was in April 1881 that the present cathedral was opened, since the Christian community grew in number, and the need for a larger place of worship became apparent. Despite the construction of the new building, the little church continued to function until it was destroyed by a storm in 1885.

The present-day cathedral is built in Gothic Revival architecture; it measures 52 metres by 22 metres, and has the capacity to accommodate at least 1,500 worshippers at the same time. It was designed and realized by three members of the Society of Jesus: The design of the cathedral was conceived by the architect Father Karl Wagner, SJ and the construction was supervised by the lay Brothers George Kluver, SJ and Herman Lau, SJ.

In 1978 the cathedral celebrated its centenary. The Pakistan Post Office issued special commorative stamps on the occasion. Pope John Paul I sent special greetings and blessings on the occasion.

In November 1991 the cathedral was visited by Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Cardinal Joseph Cordeiro of Karachi also spoke on the occasion.

The cathedral's grounds are adorned with a marble Monument to Christ the King, which was constructed in 1931 to commemorate the memory of the Jesuit Mission in Sindh. The Parish Priest in 1999 was Father Edward Joseph.

In 2003, the cathedral was declared as a protected monument because of its outstanding architectural beauty under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Protection Act. The Parish Priest at the time was Fr. Joseph D’Mello.

The Cathedral, with a seating capacity of 2,000, used to be the biggest Catholic church in the country. On 9 November 2011 the apostolic nuncio to Pakistan Archbishop Edgar Pena Parra blessed St. Peter’s Church, Karachi, now the largest Catholic church in Pakistan. It can seat 5,000 people.

old picture

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi.

Dow University of Health Sciences is a coeducational medical university and founded in 2003, in Karachi, Pakistan. It comprises already established school, Dow Medical College , as well as the newly formed Dow International Medical College, alongside the Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases. The merger was done at the request of the administrators, faculty, and alumni of the colleges and was granted a full university charter as the Dow University of Health Sciences. In 2003, Sindh Medical College was also a part of the Dow University of Health Sciences. It also shares the curriculum, faculty, and other certain resources with the other affiliated institutions of DUHS, such as DMC (Dow Medical College) and Dow International Medical College. Later in 2012, Sindh Medical College achieved university status and thus became third medical university in Karachi.

Academics

Dow Institute of Medical Technology was established as a part of Dow University of Health Sciences in 2006. It is the first institute in Pakistan offering bachelors program in medical technology. It offers four-year Bachelor's programs in four disciplines: Clinical Pathology Technology, Surgical Technology, Respiratory and Critical Care Technology and Ophthalmology. Students in new disciplines including Radiology Technology, Echocardiography Technology and ECG Technology will be enrolled in the year 2011.

It is well established, but options for further studies are not present because medical technologists are not eligible in the programs and no one is interested to provide option for further education to the medical technologists
Clinical Pathology: Clinical pathology technologists are the laboratory technologist well versed regarding the diagnosis of body fluids. They perform all the laboratory test and are the integral part of a diagnostic laboratory.
Surgical Technology: Surgical technologists are the vital members of a surgical team well educated about the human anatomy, physiology and surgical interventions. They work closely with surgical personnel assuring appropriate aseptic techniques and contamination free surgical interventions. Moreover, they are aware of the technology and physics in the operating field.
Respiratory and Critical Care Technology: Respiratory and critical care technologist are highly qualified members of the critical care team assuring patients' survival in the critical conditions. They are well aware of the chest and cardiac conditions and are required for quality patient care.
Ophthalmic Technology: Ophthalmic technologists are trained about the eye conditions and work for the diagnosis and examination of pathologies of eyes.

Most recently Dow University of Health Sciences has initiated a program to establish a visiting faculty. The purpose is to incorporate the expertise of local trained physician who has been training medical graduates inside Sindh in the courses being taught at the university.


Affiliated colleges and institutions

1.Dow Medical College and Civil Hospital, Karachi
2.Dow International Medical College
3.Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
4.Dr. Ishrat-Ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences (DIKIOHS)
5.Dow Institute of Health Management (IHM)
6.Dow College of Pharmacy
7.Dow Institute of Nursing (ION)
8.Dow Institute of Medical Technology
9.Dow Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.


Dow Medical College,Karachi.

Dow Medical College is one of the oldest medical schools in Pakistan and is in Karachi. In 2003, it became a constituent college of the newly formed Dow University of Health Sciences.Dow Medical College is one of the oldest education institutions in Pakistan. Every year thousands of Pre-Medical students apply to Dow Medical College to pursue medicine.

Notable alumni

Teepu Siddique, MD. Professor of Neuology and Genetics at Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.

Azra Raza, MD. Professor of Medicine at Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY.

Syed Hasan Arshad, MBBS, DM, FRCP. Professor of Medicine at University of Southampton, UK.

Syed Wamique Yusuf, MBBS, MRCPI, FACC. Professor of Medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.

Obaid Shakil Shaikh, MD. Professor of Medicine & Chief of Hepatology at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Syed Ather Enam, MD. Professor of Surgery and Chief of Neurology at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Sy Atezaz Saeed, M. D. Professor and Chair. Department of Psychiatry. East Carolina University.

Raheel Khan, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics at West Virginia School of Medicine, Charleston, WV.

Shabih U. Hasan, MD, FRCPCProfessor of Pediatrics at University of Calgary, Canada.

Adeebul Hasan Rizvi – Transplant Urologist, philanthropist and head of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation.

Syed A. Hoda – American pathologist

Farhat Abbas, FRCS. Dean of Aga Khan Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Rafat Hussain – Deputy Head of the School of Rural Medicine at the University of New England, Australia

S. M. Wasim Jafri, FRCP. – Head of the Gastroenterology Section, Aga Khan University & the president of the Pakistan Society for the Study of Liver Diseases.

Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan – Governor of Sindh, Pakistan.

Entry Test

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Mugger Crocodile or Indus Crocodile (National Reptile of Pakistan)

The Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) (literally "Crocodile of the marsh"), also called the Iranian, Marsh, or Persian Crocodile, is found throughout the Indian subcontinent and the surrounding countries (India, Pakistan). In Pakistan's coastal regions of the Makran and delta marshlands of Sindh, it is known as the Indus Crocodile, although they do exist in parts of Bangladesh, and parts of Nepal and Iran. The name "Mugger" is a corruption of the Urdu word magar which means "water monster" in the Urdu language.


Description

Mugger crocodiles have 19 upper teeth on each side; a snout that is 1⅓ to 1½ as long as broad at the base; a rough head but without any ridges; mandibular symphysis extending to the level of the fourth or fifth tooth; pre-maxillo-maxillary suture, on the palate, transverse, nearly straight, or curved forwards; and nasal bones separating the pnemaxillaries above. Four large nuchals forming a square, with a smaller one on each side; two pairs of smaller nuchals on a transverse series behind the occiput. Dorsal shield well separated from the nuchal, the scutes usually in 4, rarely in 6, longitudinal series, those of the two median usually considerably broader than long; 16 or 17 transverse series. Scales on limbs keeled. Fingers webbed at the base; outer toes extensively webbed. A serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg. Adult blackish olive above: young pale olive, dotted and spotted with black. The largest specimen in the British Museum measures 3.7 m (12 ft), but individuals are said to grow much larger. On average, females are 2.45 m (8.0 ft) in length and males are 3.05 m (10.0 ft). Weight in adults is variable, since a large male can be much more heavily built than a small adult female, and can range commonly from 40 to 200 kg (88 to 440 lb). Old, mature males can get much larger, at up 4–5 m (13–16 ft) and a weight of more than 450 kg (1000 lbs). Although individuals exceeding 4.3 m (14 ft) are exceptionally rare, the largest Mugger on record measured a huge 5.2 m (17 ft) in length.Mugger crocodiles can achieve speed of around 8 mph over a short distance in pursuit of prey.They can swim much faster 10 to 12 mph in short bursts,when cruising they go at about 1 to 2 mph.


Distribution


The mugger crocodile can be found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, the southern tip of Iran, and probably in Indo-China and at one point, even in Southern Iraq. The mugger is the only crocodilian found in Iran and Pakistan. This crocodile is the most common and widespread of the three species of crocodiles in India, far out numbering the much larger saltwater crocodile within the country (and most likely within neighboring countries).

Source:

List of reptiles of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

National Symbols of Pakistan :: Ministry of Information, Broadcasting & National Heritage (National Heritage & Integration Wing) :: Government of Pakistan.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Chaukhandi Tombs,Karachi

The Chaukhandi tombs are situated 29 km (18 mi) east of Karachi on N-5 National Highway near Landhi Town in Pakistan. The Chaukhandi tombs are remarkable for the elaborate and exquisite stone carving.

The style of architecture is typical only to the region of Sindh, and unique in that it is found nowhere else in the Islamic world. Generally, the elements are attributed to Jokhio (also spelt Jokhiya) also known as the family graveyard of Jokhio tribe, some people of Baluch tribe also buried were built between the 15th and 18th centuries.

Description

This type of graveyard, in Sindh and Baluchistan, is unique with their orientation from south to north. These graves are constructed in buff sandstone. Their carved decoration presents exquisite craftsmanship. These graves were constructed either as single graves or as groups of up to eight graves raised on a common platform.

Their primary sarcophagus has six vertical slabs, with two long slabs standing on each side of the grave covering the length of the body and the remaining two vertical slabs covering the head and foot side. These six slabs are covered by a second sarcophagus consisting of six more vertical slabs similar but in size giving the grave a pyramid shape. This upper (second sarcophagus) is further covered with four or five horizontal slabs and the topmost (third) sarcophagus is set vertically with its northern end carved into a knob known as a crown or a turban. These tombs are embellished, besides with geometrical designs and motifs, with figural representations such as mounted horsemen, hunting scenes, arms, jewellery etc..


Rediscovery and archeology

The earliest passing reference about Chaukhandi tombs (a.k.a. Jokundee) in the Western world is available in a letter which J. Macleod had addressed to H. B. E. Frere in 1851. The tombs, however, were given serious attention by H. D. Baskerville, Assistant Collector of Thatta in Karachi district in 1917. The tombs near Landhi were brought with the pale of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904 in the year 1922.

Early 20th century

A cemetery of this type was discovered at the turn of the 20th century in Hinidan by Major M. A. Tighe, Political Agent in southern Baluchistan. J. P. Vogel was the first to investigate this and other cemeteries – including Karpasan (a plateau south of Hinidan), Gundar (a village near Dinga, south of Hinidan), and Manghopir – and he drew attention to another cemetery discovered by Captain Showers, Political Agent in Kalat, lying between the Hub River and Sonmiani . Vogel recognized that the tombs were Islamic, as indicated by the use of the Arabic script and the alignment of the monuments. According to Islamic custom, the dead are laid to rest in such a way that they are aligned towards Mecca over their right shoulder. Mecca lies approximately to the west of Sindh; the longitudinal axis of the tombs accordingly lies more or less in a north-south direction, with the head always lying in the north.

Jokhio, Jokhia or Jokhiya are said to be the descendant of the Samma (tribe). Chaukhandi cemetery, consisting of names or Quranic Verse. Some of the Jams who were named were said to belong to the Jokhio tribe still resident in the area.and the 1st raitar Mr, Ali Muhammad Jokhio of Jokhio History.

Mid-20th century

After the creation of Pakistan the Chaukhandi tombs, however, did not receive any attention from authorities until Dr. I. H. Qureshi a renowned historian and the then education minister (later Chancellor of Karachi University), drew the attention of the Department of Archeology and Museums to the Chaukhandi tombs, after receiving a letter from Zahid Hussain, Governor of State Bank of Pakistan.

Shaikh Khurshid Hasan mentioned that at first his department did not even realize that the tombs were protected under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904. After a survey the Director General of the Department of Archeology and Museums called these a dolmen graveyard at Chaukhandi in the national press. The fact, however, was contrary and soon the department realized its mistake and started taking suitable measures for the protection of the Chaukhandi tombs.

Late 20th century

In the meantime (1978) the German scholar Dr. Salome Zajadacz-Hastenrath published a book in German, in which she mainly dealt with the stylistic evolution of Chaukhandi tombs. When comparing Chaukhandi tombs (namely tombs of particular types and forms thereof) among each other, a typological framework was established and consequently a relative chronology. By comparing this framework with dated structures, mainly of Makli Hill, but also of other sites, the study arrived at dates for the various stages of evolution of the Chaukhandi tombs which later developed, but which did, however, not replace preceding ones. Besides, Chaukhandi tombs strictly speaking, the study dealt also with individual topics like, for instance, with 'Form of the tombstones', 'Riders, weapons, and other depictions on men's graves', 'Jewellery depictions on women's graves', articles which all show the richness of Chaukhandi funerary art. Further, the documentary part of the book includes a list of dated stonemasonry patterns on Chaukhandi tombs.

First decade of the 21st century

Later, the Italian Professor Gian Giuseppe Filippi visited Sindh and examined some prominent sites of Chaukhandi graveyards. He traced the Rajput influences in Chaukhandi graveyards.In this article he mentioned that it is well known that many Munda warrior groups have family ties with the so-called Rajput tribes of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Even in this case, their warlike behavior and the confusing definition of the Rajput caste keeps open the ‘structure’ of Hinduism. Some among the Rajput tribes, namely the Jokhio, the Numeri, the Burfat and the Lashari emigrated from Kutch (Gujarat) and Rajputana towards the Sindh and Makran regions during the Samma Dynasty. All these tribes mentioned had close relations among each other including matrimonial ties, both within their own group as well as with the Baluch tribe of the Kalmatis. His hypothesis envisions a tribal Rajput origin in the utilization of not only the monolithic slabs and pedestals in the step-and-house-shaped Chaukhandi graves, but also in the naive decoration of some tombs which rather resemble a house facade like a human face as if drawn by a child. The decoration of the tombs (mostly with geometric motifs) is derived from wood sculpture. With few exceptions human figures are avoided in accordance with Islamic beliefs.

Some articles on the structural development of stone-carved graves were contributed by Dr. Kaleem Lashari. Later, Lashari highlighted the Bhawani Serai and the Tutai Chaukhandi graveyards[citation needed], and called for an urgent act of conservation.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Information Technology in Pakistan

Pakistan’s information technology industry has gone through a dramatic change in recent years and the country has taken lead in adopting some technologies while also setting an example for others in global best practices. Information technology in Pakistan is a growing and rising industry that has a large potential. Matters relating to the IT industry are overseen and regulated by the Ministry of Information Technology of the Government of Pakistan. The IT industry is regarded as a successful sector of Pakistan economically, even in financial crisis. The government of Pakistan has given numerous favors to IT investors in the country since last decade, that resulted in the development of the IT sector. In the years 2003-2005 the country's IT exports saw a rise of about fifty percent and amounted a total of about 48.5 million USD. The World Economic Forum, assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 102nd among 144 countries in the Global Information Technology report of 2012. As of 2011, Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in internet penetration. Overall, it has the 15th largest population of internet users in the world. In the fiscal year 2012-2013, the Government of Pakistan aims to spend Rs. 4.6 billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure development.

E-government

The Government of Pakistan has attached great importance to information technology, as part of its efforts to develop an "information age" in the country. In this regard, an elaborate national IT policy has been formulated. Through a focus on the technological development of information technology, the government aims to increase productivity in the public sector, improve the standards of IT infrastructure in the country and use it as a management tool for the promotion of good governance in general. There has been remarkable progress in creating effective computerised e-government systems in Pakistan for major departments such as police, law enforcement agencies and district administration. The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) has also introduced computerised registration systems for issuing important documents such as national identity cards, passports, and permanent residency cards. IT has also been critically important in improving work procedures of the civil service and other government-related fields.

According to a study published by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Pakistan has been highly exposed to information technology while pursuing the concepts of e-governance and e-commerce:


Pakistan's communication system is also reliable. This has now fully graduated into the email, Internet and IT culture perse. The country is fast exploring the brave new world of information technology and keenly assimilating the requirements of e-government and e-commerce. Information technology has opened a new business frontier for Pakistan. The government is assigning high priority to information technology both in terms of policy limelight and resource allocation.

—United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2002.

Internet in Pakistan

The Internet in Pakistan has been available since the early 1990s. According to the International Telecommunications Union there were 133,900 Internet users in 2000 or just 0.1% of the 164 million people in Pakistan. By 2006 use had grown to 12 million users or 7.2% of the population. Telecommunications being one of the fastest growing industries in the country, by 2011 the usage has grown up to 31 million users or 17.6% of the total population.

History

The state-owned Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) started offering access via the nationwide local call network in 1995. The country has been pursuing an aggressive IT policy, aimed at boosting Pakistan’s drive for economic modernization and creating an exportable software industry. Pakistan had almost 128 ISPs in 2007, with customers concentrated in the areas of Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. Recently, PTCL has started offering free dial-up Internet service to all its landline subscribers. Broadband access is now available in the major cities, wireless broadband Internet has been introduced by the Wireless local loop (WLL) networks in many major cities, and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks are being deployed. Fiber to the User (FTTU) triple-services are being offered by Nayatel in the capital city of Islamabad. In 2008, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) reported over 22 million Internet users. Most Pakistani companies, educational institutes, and government departments maintain web sites, which has further increased the demand for Internet access.

An increasing number of Pakistani users are adopting internet social networking. According to a report in 2012, there were over 6 million Pakistanis using Facebook, listing the country as having the 26th largest Facebook population.

Language

Most Internet usage in Pakistan is still in English, however there seems to be a shift towards the Urdu language. Many Urdu based newspapers maintain an Urdu presence on web, however common usage is often done in romanized urdu.

Broadband

There were 1.3 million broadband subscribers in March 2011. Broadband is offered at speeds that range from 1 Mbit/s to 50 Mbit/s in all major cities. The largest broadband providers are PTCL, LINKdotNET, and Wateen. Smaller DSL providers are Micro Net, Nayatel, Maxcom, Multi Net, World Call, Cyber Net, Gerry's Net, fiber2home, Witribe, Brain Net, SkyNet and Comsats.

In August 2007+, PTCL launched its Smart TV service, an IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) service. IPTV along with high-speed broadband internet and voice telephony is available on the subscribers existing telephone lines at the same time on one bill.This and similar offerings continue to blur the boundaries between telephones, the Internet, and traditional television and radio broadcasting.

PTCL and World Call provide wireless broadband using the Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) Rev. A standard, with speeds of up to 3.1 Mbit/s. PTCL provides its service under the brand name EVO which is available in more than 100 cities. In August 2010 PTCL upgraded to EV-DO Rev. B (Phase 1). This new service, called EVO Nitro, offers speeds of up to 9.3 Mbit/s. PTCL broadband is truly leading the broadband revolution in the country and is changing the way people communicate and share information. In a short span of only 5 years PTCL DSL broadband service has expanded from 3 cities to over 1100 cities. This massive growth has been due to unmatchable speeds unlimited downloads and unbeatable options that PTCL Broadband provides. With basic speeds ranging from 256 kbps, 1 Mbps, 2Mbps, 4 Mbps & 8 Mbps to VDSL ultra high speeds of 10 Mbps, 20 Mbps and 50 Mbps Broadband offers speeds further up to 100 Mbps on Fibre to the home broadband service. PTCL broadband therefore ensures provision of Broadband to every household and business of Pakistan.

The wireless broadband network has transformed the concept of broadband usage- offering freedom of mobility. From a dongle offering speeds upto 3.1 Mbps to blazing speeds of 9.3 Mbps on 3G EVO nitro; to EVO cloud a personal mobile hotspot connecting 5 devices at a time, to Pakistan’s first 3G enabled Tablet EVO TAB; to EVODROID a 3G enabled Smartphone; the wireless network just like its predecessor has many feathers to its cap Within a span of few years the wireless network expanded to more than 200 cities, the largest in the country.

Wateen Telecom launched its WiMAX services in Pakistan in 2007. Connections are available at speeds from 256 kbit/s to 9.8 Mbit/s. Wi-Tribe and Mobilink are also offering WiMAX, as is Augere under the brand name Qubee.

List of Internet service providers

Apolo Online
Asia Net
Beaconet
Brain Net
Click Online
Comsats
Connect Communications
CubeXs
Cyber Access
Cybernet
Dancom Online
DHA-Teleman Islamabad
Eworld
Excel Net
Fascom
fiber2home
G. Net

Gem Net
Gerrys Net
Go Wireless Pakistan
Hamdard Net
Iqra Net
Link Dot Net
Maxcom
Micro Net
Mobilink
MS Net
Multi Net
Nayatel
Net Door
NetSol
Orbit Net
Pak Net
Pakistan Online

PTCL
Qubee
Sat Net
Shoa Net
SKY Telecom (Pvt) Ltd.
Snet Technologies
Speedia Online
SuperNet
Syknet
Top Net
Wateen
Wi-Tribe
WorldCall
World Online
YOU Wireless
Zab Net
ZONG


Supercomputing in Pakistan

Supercomputing is a recent area of technology in which Pakistan has made progress, driven in part by the growth of the information technology age in the country. The fastest supercomputer currently in use in Pakistan is developed and hosted by the National University of Sciences and Technology at its modeling and simulation research centre.

Background

The initial interests of Pakistan in the research and development of supercomputing began during the early 1980s, at several high-powered institutions of the country. During this time, senior scientists at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) were the first to engage in research on high performance computing, while calculating and determining exact values involving fast-neutron calculations. According to one scientist involved in the development of the supercomputer, a team of the leading scientists at PAEC developed powerful computrized electronic codes, acquired powerful high performance computers to design this system and came up with the first design that was to be manufactured, as part of the atomic bomb project. However, the most productive and pioneering research was carried out by physicist M.S. Zubairy at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-e-Azam University. Zubairy published two important books on Quantum Computers and high-proformance computing throughout his career that are presently taught worldwide. In 1980s and 1990s, the scientific research and mathematical work on the supercomputers was also carried out by mathematician Dr. Tasneem Shah at the Kahuta Research Laboratories while trying to solve additive problems in Computational mathematics and the Statistical physics using the Monte Carlo method.During the most of the 1990s era, the technological import in supercomputers were denied to Pakistan, as well as India, due to an arms embargo placed on, as the foreign powers feared that the imports and enhancement to the supercomputing development was a dual use of technology and could be used for developing nuclear weapons .

During the Bush administration, in an effort to help US-based companies gain competitive ground in developing information technology-based markets, the U.S. government eased regulations that applied to exporting high-performance computers to Pakistan and four other technologically developing countries. The new regulations allowed these countries to import supercomputer systems that were capable of processing information at a speed of 190,000 million theoretical operations per second (MTOPS); the previous limit had been 85,000 MTOPS.


Supercomputing programs

GIK Institute

HPC platform has been donated to GIK Institue by Directorate of Science and Technology (DoST) KPK Pakistan. It is a compute intensive platform and comprises of following hardware components:

Front Node: Dell R815 with 64 CPU cores, 256GB RAM, 1.8TB Secondary Memory
3 Compute Nodes: Dell R175 each with 32 CPU cores/ compute node (96 in total), 128GB RAM/compute node (384GB in total), 600GB Secondary Memory/ compute node (1.8TB in total)
NVIDIA Tesla M2090 Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) with 1024 GPU cores: This facility may be used for an emerging paradigm of parallel computing which uses GPUs as computing units
Dell Power Connect 8024F layer-3 manageable switch: Front Node and the Compute Nodes are connected to each other using this switch. It provides an anormous data transfer rate of 10Gb/s among the connected entities using fibre channels.
Software.
To make the hardware layer parallel-computation-capable, Rocks Cluster 6.1 (Emerald Boa) over CentOS.


COMSATS

The COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) has been actively involved in research in the areas of parallel computing and computer cluster systems. In 2004, CIIT built a cluster-based supercomputer for research purposes. The project was funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The Linux-based computing cluster, which was tested and configured for optimization, achieved a performance of 158 GFLOPS per second. The packaging of the cluster was locally designed.

NUST

The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad has developed the fastest supercomputing facility in Pakistan till date. The supercomputer, which operates at the university's Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), was inaugurated in September 2012. The supercomputer has parallel computation abilities and has a performance of 132 teraflops per second (i.e. 132 trillion floating point operations per second), making it the fastest graphics processing unit (GPU) parallel computing system currently in operation in Pakistan. It has multi-core processors and graphics co-processors, with an inter-process communication speed of 40 gigabits per second. According to specifications available of the system, the cluster consists of a "66 NODE supercomputer with 30,992 processor cores, 2 head nodes (16 processor cores), 32 dual quad core computer nodes (256 processor cores) and 32 Nvidia computing processors. Each processor has 960 processor cores (30,720 processor cores), QDR InfiniBand interconnection and 21.6 TB SAN storage.

KUST

Specifications of Cluster deployed at Kohat University of Science and Technology:

Cluster Name:KUST-Kohat

Number of CPUs:104

CPU Type:EM64T

CPU Clock:2.00 GHz

Peak Performance:416 GFLOPS

Organization:Kohat University

Location:Kohat, N-W.F.P, Pakistan.

Last Updated:2008-01-21

Telecommunications in Pakistan

Telecommunications in Pakistan describes the overall environment for the growing mobile telecommunications, telephone, and Internet markets in Pakistan.

In 2008 Pakistan was the world’s third fastest growing telecommunications market. Pakistan's telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth.


Regulatory environment

The Telecommunications Ordnance of 1994 created the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), Pakistan's first independent telecommunications regulator, and the Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL), a state-owned monopoly.

Due to a lack of competition, local telephone call rates were high and international call rates were even higher. During the 1990s, a call to United States cost $5 per minute (300PkRs per minute), which was not affordable for most of the population. In addition customer service was poor; fixing a problem might take 10 to 15 days. Despite this, consumers had to stick with PTCL, as they had no other options.

This prompted the government to take a series of actions to improve the service by opening the telecommunications market.This was critical, but required a fine balance because opening the market and preserving PTCL were both important for the government.

In July 2003 the government introduced a Deregulation Policy for the Telecommunication Sector, which allowed and encouraged foreign companies to invest in the Pakistani telecommunications market. The centerpiece of the deregulation was the establishment of two categories of basic services licenses: Local loop (LL), for fixed line telecommunication within the 14 PTCL regions, and Long-distance and International (LDI), for connectivity between regions.” Two sets of criteria set by the regulatory authorities must be met before an operator is allowed to start operation: one for the issuance of a license and another for the maintenance of service quality.

In 2006, Etisalat International Pakistan, a wholly owned subsidiary of Emirates Telecommunications Corporation, purchased a 26% stake in PTCL and assumed management control of the company.

Pakistan's telecommunications infrastructure includes: Microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks. International links include: landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems (*AMK) that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; 3 Intelsat satellite earth stations (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (2 at Karachi and 1 at Islamabad); and microwave radio relay to neighboring countries.

*AMK : Now IMEWE of PTCL and TWA-1 of Transworld (Private Operator) also successfully working in Karachi, Pakistan.

Perception survey

LIRNEasia's Telecommunications Regulatory Environment (TRE) index summarizes stakeholders’ perception of the regulatory and policy environment and provides insight into how conducive the environment is for further development and progress. The most recent survey was conducted in July 2008 in eight Asian countries, including Pakistan. The tool measured seven dimensions: (i) market entry; (ii) access to scarce resources; (iii) interconnection; (iv) tariff regulation; (v) anti-competitive practices; (vi) universal services; and (vii) quality of service; for the fixed, mobile, and broadband sectors.

The survey found that in Pakistan the mobile sector was most active, followed by broadband; while the fixed-line sector remained somewhat static. The parameters that improved compared to the 2006 survey were: interconnection, tariff regulation, regulation of anti-competitive practices, and universal service obligation in the mobile sector; and market entry, interconnection, regulation of anti-competitive practices and universal service obligation in the fixed sector. Market entry received a low score in the mobile sector due to the perception that the cost of a new or renewal mobile license was prohibitive, thus posing a serious barrier to entry. However, this conclusion may have been incorrect, as the license fee, at least in the case of renewal by Mobilink GSM, was paid in installments over a period of three years. Thus, lack of complete information on the part of survey participants may have skewed the results.


Subscriber base

The mobile telecommunications sector is seeing very large year-to-year growth in Pakistan. Approximately 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone. With 118 million mobile subscribers in March 2012, Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in the South Asian region.

According to the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), Mobilink continues to lead the market with 35.7 million subscribers, followed by Telenor with 29.3 million, Ufone with 23.1 million, Zong with 15.6 million, and Warid Telecom with 14.3 million.All telecom companies are working to broaden their networks in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Northern Areas, which were largely ignored until recently. Five of the seven Agencies of the tribal areas have mobile coverage.

SMS

Pakistanis collectively sent over 151 billion text messages during the year 2009. Nokia has cited Pakistan to be producing the third highest SMS traffic in the world in 2010.

Fixed-line telephones

Fixed-line subscriptions declined from a peak of 5.2 million in 2005-06 to 3.4 million in 2009-10.


Brain (computer virus)

Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986,and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS-DOS. It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. Brain was written by two brothers, Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi, from Lahore, Pakistan.

Description

Brain affects the IBM PC computer by replacing the boot sector of a floppy disk with a copy of the virus. The real boot sector is moved to another sector and marked as bad. Infected disks usually have five kilobytes of bad sectors. The disk label is changed to ©Brain, and the following text can be seen in infected boot sectors:

"Welcome to the Dungeon (c) 1986 Brain & Amjads (pvt) Ltd VIRUS_SHOE RECORD V9.0 Dedicated to the dynamic memories of millions of viruses who are no longer with us today - Thanks GOODNESS!! BEWARE OF THE er..VIRUS : this program is catching program follows after these messages....$#@%$@!! "

There are many minor and major variations to that version of the text. The virus slows down the floppy disk drive and makes seven kilobytes of memory unavailable to DOS. Brain was written by Amjad Farooq Alvi, who at the time lived in Chahmiran, near Lahore Railway Station, in Lahore, Pakistan. The brothers told TIME magazine they had written it to protect their medical software from piracy, and it was supposed to target copyright infringers only.The cryptic message "Welcome to the Dungeon", a safeguard and reference to an early programming forum on Dungeon BBS, appeared after a year because the brothers licensed a beta version of the code. The brothers could not be contacted to receive the final release of this version of the program.

Brain lacks code for dealing with hard disk partitioning, and avoids infecting hard disks by checking the most significant bit of the BIOS drive number being accessed. Brain does not infect the disk if the bit is clear, unlike other viruses at the time, which paid no attention to disk partitioning and consequentially destroyed data stored on hard disks by treating them in the same way as floppy disks. Brain often went undetected, partially due to this deliberate non-destructiveness, especially when the user paid little to no attention to the slow speed of floppy disk access.

The virus came complete with the brothers' address and three phone numbers, and a message that told the user that their machine was infected and to call them for inoculation:

"Welcome to the Dungeon © 1986 Brain & Amjads (pvt). BRAIN COMPUTER SERVICES 730 NIZAM BLOCK ALLAMA IQBAL TOWN LAHORE-PAKISTAN PHONE: 430791,443248,280530. Beware of this VIRUS.... Contact us for vaccination..."

This program was originally used to track a heart monitoring program for the IBM PC, and pirates were distributing illicit copies of the disks. This tracking program was supposed to stop and track illegal copies of the disk. Unfortunately, the program also sometimes used the last 5k on an Apple floppy, making additional saves to the disk by other programs impossible.

Author response

When the brothers began to receive a large number of phone calls from people in United States, United Kingdom and elsewhere, demanding that they disinfect their machines, they were stunned and tried to explain to the outraged callers that their motivation had not been malicious. Their phone lines were overloaded. The brothers with another brother Shahid Farooq Alvi are still in business in Pakistan as Brain NET Internet service providers with a company called Brain Telecommunication Limited.

In 2011, 25 years after Brain was released, Mikko Hyppönen of F-Secure travelled to Pakistan to interview Amjad for a documentary. Being inspired by this documentary and its wide spread, a group of Pakistani bloggers interviewed Amjad, under the banner of Bloggerine.


Variants

Ashar is an older version of Brain. There are six variants each with a different message.

Individual Software Houses

ACE-AIIMS
CresSoft
ITIM


Software development companies in Pakistan


Softronix
Techlogix
Tower Technologies Limited
i2c Inc
Apvision Private Limited
Mindstorm Studios (independent game development studio) (also made the official game for the International Cricket Council (ICC) Cricket World-Cup of 2011)


Pakistan's youngest microsoft certified professionals

Arfa Karim (Late)

Babar Iqbal

Umema Adil

Shafay Thobani

I.T Universities & Institutes in Pakistan

Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS)(Balochistan)

Bannu University of Sciences & Technology(I.T) (Bannu)

CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences.(Peshawar)

City University of Science & Information Technology(Peshawar)

Sukkur Institute of Business Administration & I.T (Sukkur)

Preston Institute of Management Science and Technology (PIMSAT) (Karachi & Lahore)

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (I.T) (Islamabad,Karachi,Lahore,Peshawar & Faislabad)

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) (Islamabad, Lahore, Abbottabad, Wah, Attock, Sahiwal, and Vehari)

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) (Islamabad ,Rawalpindi, Risalpur and Karachi)

Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology (SUIT) (Peshawar)

The Virtual University (VU) : (Pakistan’s first University based completely on modern Information and Communication Technologies, was established by the Government as a public sector, not for profit University in 2002. Using free-to-air satellite television broadcasts and the Internet, the Virtual University allows students to follow its rigorous programs regardless of their physical locations)


P.S: I.T is a huge Industry itself. I tried to cover every aspect of I.T Industry in Pakistan.

for more info:

Ministry of Information Technology

PSEB - Pakistan Software Export Board

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi

The Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi is a Hindu temple that belongs to the NarNarayan Dev Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday and is the only Swaminarayan temple in Pakistan.The temple is notable for its size and frontage, over 32,306 square yards (27,012 m2) on the M. A. Jinnah Road in Karachi city.The temple celebrated its anniversary of 150 years in April 2004.There is a sacred cowshed within the premises of this temple.The temple is located at the centre of a Hindu neighborhood in Karachi.

Partition of India and after

The temple became a refugee camp in 1948. The original images of Lord Swaminarayan were removed and taken to India during the turbulent times of partition. One murti that was originally at this temple is now located in Khan Village, Rajasthan. In 1989, for the first time since the independence in 1947, a group of sadhus from the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad visited the temple. Since then, small groups from the Ahmedabad temple pay this temple a visit every few years in a pilgrimage.

Festivals and events

Swaminarayan Jayanti, Dussehra, Diwali and almost all of the main religious festivals are celebrated by Hindus in this temple. The Holi festival celebrations that take place at this temple are the biggest in Karachi.
The temple also doubles up as a marriage venue. In 2008, a mass wedding arrangement was made for 20 couples.

Guru Nanak Temple

According to the Pakistan Hindu Council, there is a Guru Nanak temple within the Swaminarayan Temple complex. Here, every Moon Night and for the birthday of Guru Nanak, Baisakhi is celebrated.

Hinglaj Yatra

The Hinglaj yatra starts from the Swaminarayan Temple complex here annually.


Gurdwara

In the Swami Narain Mandir complex in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan where a small Hindu community lives, a Gurdwara has been created for the small Sikh community.

The Gurdwara Sahib houses three sets of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji in the Palki Sahib. There are pictures of the Gurus and a small shrine devoted to Guru Nanak Dev Ji. There is a Hindu bell in the Gurdwara Sahib as well.

Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi

Gurdwara

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Deodar (Cedrus Deodara)(National Tree of Pakistan)

Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or deodar is a species of cedar native to the western Himalayas in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northern India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal, occurring at 1,500–3,200 m (4,921–10,499 ft) altitude. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m (131–164 ft) tall, exceptionally 60 m (197 ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.

The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm long, occasionally up to 7 cm long, slender (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour. The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long and 5–9 cm broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4–6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn.

Etymology

The specific epithet, which is also the English vernacular name, derives from the Sanskrit term devadāru, which means "wood of the gods", a compound of deva (god) and dāru (wood, etym. tree).

Cultural importance in the Indian subcontinent

Among Hindus, as the etymology of deodar suggests, it is worshiped as a divine tree. Deva, the first half of the Sanskrit term, means divine, deity, or deus. Dāru, the second part, connotes durum, druid, tree, true.

Forests full of Deodar or Devadāru Trees were the favorite living place of ancient Indian sages and their families who were devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. To please Lord Shiva, the sages used to perform very difficult tapasya (meditation) practices in deodar forests. Also the ancient Hindu epics and Shaivite texts regularly mention Darukavana, meaning a forest of deodars, as a sacred place.
The deodar tree is the national tree of Pakistan.

Construction material

Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known houseboats of Srinagar, Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars. Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making.

Herbal Ayurveda

The use of C. deodara in Ayurvedic medicines is well recorded.

The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has anti-fungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage. The outer bark and stem are astringent.

Due to its anti fungal and insect repellent properties rooms made of Deodar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in Shimla, Kullu and Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. In Himachal people suffering from Asthma or other respiratory problems are advised to sit under a Deodar tree early in the morning.

Cedar oil is often used for its aromatic properties, especially in aromatherapy. It has a characteristic woody odour which may change somewhat in the course of drying out. The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in colour. Its applications cover soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes and insecticides and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Shri Lakshmi Devi Mandir,Karachi.

Shri Lakshmi Devi Mandir located in Saddar,Karachi, Pakistan. This Temple was constructed after the independence of pakistan by hindu community chairman raj dasgupta.The temple is devoted to the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.

Festivals

Holi is celebrated with the holi bonfire lit at the centre of the temple grounds, followed by the play with colours.all of the main religious festivals are celebrated by Hindus in this temple, on Diwali, devotees light lamps and candles to welcome Rama from his fourteen-year exile, at the end of which he defeated Ravana and young men burst crackers at the temple on the occasion.

Shri Lakshmi Devi Mandir,Karachi.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Mango (National Fruit of Pakistan)


The mango is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to South Asia, from where it has been distributed worldwide to become one of the most cultivated fruits in the tropics. While other Mangifera species (e.g. horse mango, M. foetida) are also grown on a more localized basis, Mangifera indica – the 'common mango' or 'Indian mango' – is the only mango tree commonly cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is the national fruit of India, Philippines and Pakistan.

In several cultures, its fruit and leaves are ritually used as floral decorations at weddings, public celebrations and religious ceremonies.

Etymology

The English word "mango" (plural "mangoes" or "mangos") originated from the Tamil word māṅgai or mankay or Malayalam māṅṅa from the Dravidian root word for the same via Portuguese (also manga).The word's first recorded attestation in a European language was a text by Ludovico di Varthema in Italian in 1510, as manga; the first recorded occurrences in languages such as French and post-classical Latin appear to be translations from this Italian text. The origin of the "-o" ending in English is unclear.

When mangoes were first imported to the American colonies in the 17th century, they had to be pickled due to lack of refrigeration. Other fruits were also pickled and came to be called "mangoes", especially bell peppers, and by the 18th century, the word "mango" became a verb meaning "to pickle.

Cultivation

Mangoes have been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years and reached East Asia between the fifth and fourth centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, cultivation had begun in East Africa.The 14th century Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported it at Mogadishu. Cultivation came later to Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth.

Food

The mango is generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh varies across cultivars, some having a soft, pulpy texture similar to an overripe plum, while the flesh of others is firmer, like a cantaloupe or avocado, or may have a fibrous texture. For consumption of unripe, pickled or cooked fruit, the mango skin may be consumed comfortably, but has potential to cause contact dermatitis of the lips, gingiva or tongue in susceptible people (see below). Under-ripe mangoes can be ripened by placing them in brown paper bags. They will then keep in a plastic bag in the refrigerator for about four or five days.In ripe fruits which are commonly eaten fresh, the skin may be thicker and bitter tasting, so is typically not eaten.

Cuisine

Mangoes are widely used in cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, athanu, pickles, or side dishes, or may be eaten raw with salt, chili, or soy sauce. A cooling summer drink called panna or panha comes from mangoes. Mango pulp made into jelly or cooked with red gram dhal and green chillies may be served with cooked rice. Mango lassi, a popular drink made throughout South Asia, is created by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with buttermilk and sugar. Ripe mangoes are also used to make curries. Aamras is a popular pulp/thick juice made of mangoes with sugar or milk, and is consumed with bread, rice or pooris. The pulp from ripe mangoes is also used to make jam called mangada. Andhra Aavakaaya is a very famous pickle made from raw, unripe, pulpy and sour mango, mixed with chilli powder, fenugreek seeds, mustard powder, salt and ground nut oil. Mango is also used in Andhra to make Dal / pappu. Gujaratis use mango to make chunda (a grated mango delicacy)

Mangoes are used in preserves such as moramba, amchur (dried and powdered unripe mango) and pickles, including a spicy mustard-oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are often cut into thin layers, desiccated, folded, and then cut. These bars are similar to dried guava fruit bars available in some countries. The fruit is also added to cereal products such as muesli and oat granola.

Pakistani Mango

Pakistan is the fourth largest producer and third largest exporter of mangoes with annual production of about 2 million tons a year. Pakistan accounts for 8.5% of world’s mango crop and mainly exports to the Middle East, Iran, Germany, Japan, China and Hong Kong.

The people of Pakistan which are living abroad may miss many things but they surely miss the mangoes which they grow eating. These people always looking for a chance to have mangoes of their own country.But in the recent days there was good news for those Pakistanis living in US. Following are some lines from different blogs and news reporters about that happening.

“The first commercial shipment of about 800 boxes of Pakistani Chausa mango arrived in the United States at the beginning of Ramadan. All of it was immediately sold out at a steep price of $60-$100 for a box of six chausa mangoes, making it the costliest fruit in America".

Pakistan has a double edge in regard with treatment and shelving of mangoes. The country has a capacity to treat 15 tonnes of mangoes per hour. Besides this, Pakistani private sector has ability of shelving mangoes for 35 days after treatment, however, the rest of exporter countries could shelve mangoes for maximum seven days.

Recently, Pakistan has achieved another significant achievement in export of mangoes sector. Pakistani has recently initiated to export mangoes to China, which itself is the second largest producer and one among the largest consumers of mangoes.

Though China itself produce mangoes in massive quantity, it still is a vast market for Pakistani mangoes as locally produced mango is small in size and less sweet, however, Chinese people like larger in size and sweeter mangoes and Pakistani types of mangoes all their desired qualities.

Pakistan produces over 150 varieties of mango and among these Chaunsa and Sindhri have great potential for finding buyers in the international markets.


Most famous types of mangoes usually found in Pakistan can be named as:

Chaunsa

Langara

Sindheri

Dusehri Mango

Onwor Ratole

Ratnagiri mango

Alphonso Mango

Sammar Bahisht mango

Fajri Mango

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Kaghan Valley,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

The Kaghan Valley is a valley in the north-east of Mansehra District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It attracts many tourists from around the world. The inhabitants were affected by the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005.

The Kaghan valley is named after the town of Kaghan rather than for the Kunhar River which flows through the length of the valley. The valley extends 155 km, rising from an elevation of 2,134 feet (650 m) to its highest point, the Babusar Pass, at 13,690 feet (4,170 m). Popular languages are Hindko and Gojri, while Urdu, Pakistan's national language is also familiar among the locals. The region is Alpine in geography and climate, with forests and meadows dominating the landscape below peaks that reach over 17,000 feet.


Activities

Trekking and Hill Walking Kaghan is an excellent destination for trekking and hill walking. There are a number of trekking routes all along the valley. Brief descriptions of some famous trekking routes are given in Annexure-IV. Naran, Shogran and Sharan are ideal base camps for one to three days outings. There are also good opportunities for those interested in more leisurely day trips, hill walking or nature study walks.

River Rafting River Rafting and kayaking are new sports currently under development along the Kunhar River. As the lifeline of Kaghan Valley, Kunhar River is excellent for rafting. Some sections between Naran are quite technical and suitable only for experienced white water paddlers. Other sections of the river, above Naran and below Balakot, are fun for beginners and are of relatively easy grade. Adventure Foundation Pakistan offers basic and advanced training courses in river running during October and April.

Jeep Safari In addition to short duration jeep rides to Sri Paya, Saiful Muluk, Lalazar and Sharan, Kaghan Valley also ideal for thrilling jeep rides from Naran to Babusar Pass and Nori Top. All these places are unique in landscape and their details are given in the Introduction section. While going on a longer duration jeep ride make sure you have selected a good local driver and jeep for a safe journey on the rough roads.

Fishing Trout fishing is a popular activity in the Kaghan Valley. Fishing for brown and rainbow trout in the crystal clear water of the valley lakes and in the Kunhar River is favorite pastime for many. A fishing permit can be obtained from the Fisheries Department at Shinu or at Naran. Bringing your own angling gear is optional as you can rent equipment fro shopkeepers in Naran Bazaar. Please remember that the use of fishing nets and explosive materials for fishing in rivers and lakes are illegal as they are harmful for the healthy and sustainable growth of trout fish and other wildlife.


Tourism

The Kaghan Valley's remote mountains, dales, lakes, waterfalls, streams, and glaciers remain in a pristine state, with some within Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park. The valley is a prime destination during summer, from May through September. In May the temperature ranges between a maximum of 11 °C (52 °F) and a minimum of 3 °C (37 °F).

From the middle of July to the end of September the Naran-Babusar road beyond Naran is open through Kaghan Valley and over Babusar Pass. Access is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be reached by roads via the towns of Balakot, Abbottabad, and Mansehra on the Karakoram Highway. In Balakot, one may find buses and other transports to reach Naran and the valley.

Lakes

Kaghan Valley is home to many a tourist attractions, especially its lakes. There are more than a dozen big and small lakes in the valley, but three are more popular among the tourists: Saiful Muluk Lake, Dudipatsar Lake and Lulusar Lake.


Saiful Muluk, named in a folktale—the Qissa Saiful Muluk—about a romance between a Persia prince and a fairy princess. In the folktale. The lake is mentioned as the meeting site of the lovers in the folktale. lake Saiful Muluk is 10,578 feet (3,224 m) above the sea level, it is one of the highest and most beautiful lakes in Pakistan. The water of this over a mile in diameter oval shaped lake is spectacularly clear with a slight green tone.

It is accessible by a jeep road during the summer months or can be reached by tracking from the nearest town Naran, some 10 kilometers away in four to five hours. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers all around the high basin feeding the lake.

Dudipat Lake is enclosed with high peaks. It is one of the hardest places to reach in the valley, requiring a tough hike lasting four to seven hours. The hike is rewarding, as tourists are greeted with green pastures and the lake's blue-green waters.

Lulusar Lake is approximately 48 kilometers away from Naran and has an altitude of 10,910 feet (3,330 m). Surrounded by wildflowers in almost all colors imaginable, this lake is the main source for the Kunhar River. Lake Lulusar is said to be one of the most tranquil spots on the Kaghan Valley, the lake is fenced by snow capped mountains whose image is reflected on the standstill blue-green waters of this approximately three kilometers long "L" shaped lake.

There are many hotels in the Naran.


Fishing

Fishing is the chief sport in Kaghan. Brown Trout and Mahasher are stocked in pure silvery waters in the upper parts of the valley. The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the sub-continent. Fishing licenses are issued by the 'Fisheries Department at Naran' or by the 'Trout Hatchery' at Shinu. Apart from this there are some other private trout fish farms at Kawai (also spelled as Kiwai) and Kahania.

Naran

Onwards a 3 hour drive away from Shogran is Naran. It is a town open only during the tourist season of May to September. The rest of the time it is covered with snow. All visitors come to Naran to pay a visit to the Saiful Muluk Lake (10,500 feet) 6 miles east of town. If the road is open transportation by jeep can be arranged. If the road is closed, it is an easy, gradual three-hour walk, and the lake is a lovely spot for a picnic.

If you are walking directly up-valley from Naran to Babusar "Top" the loveliest spots to camp on this trail is at "Lulusar Lake". Located just before the final grade to Babusar Top and surrounded by tall peaks, Lulusar is just one many high elevation lakes that sit along the crest of the ridge. it is living in only two places one in knhar river 7 in America.

Kaghan Valley

Lake Saiful muluk

Lake Saiful muluk aerial view

Lake Saiful muluk in Winter

Dudipat Lake

lulusar lake

Naran

 

[longknife]

Golly, gee. You certainly put a lot of effort into this propaganda exercise.

But, why didn't you post these while you were at it?

Or the thousands more that can be found @ images of pakistan slums and tribal areas - Bing Images

 

[keyboardwarrior]

@longkinfe

Nice try,
Sir, try to read the OP again if you are not in hurry to post another searched Link by you.
also its off topic.
and its not a propaganda. There are two sides to every story ..... and There are two sides to a coin ....
If you have a problem with my Thread thn report to admin, Thanks.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Peregrine Falcon or Shaheen Falcon (State Bird of Pakistan)

The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the Peregrine,and historically as the Duck Hawk in North America,is a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "moustache". As is typical of bird-eating raptors, Peregrine Falcons are sexually dimorphic, females being considerably larger than males.The Peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over 322 km/h (200 mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high speed dive),making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic program, the highest measured speed of a Peregrine Falcon is 389 km/h (242 mph).

Taxonomy

The taxon was formally described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1837. It has sometimes been referred to as Falco atriceps or Falco shaheen.


Description

The Shaheen is a small and powerful-looking falcon with blackish upperparts, rufous underparts with fine, dark streaks, and white on the throat. The complete black face mask is sharply demarcated from the white throat. It has distinctive rufous underwing-coverts. It differs in all these features from the paler F. p. calidus, which is a scarce winter migrant to Sri Lanka.Males and females have similar markings and plumage; apart from size there is no sexual dimorphism.The birds range in length from 380 to 440 mm.


Distribution and habitat

The Shaheen is found in South Asia from Pakistan and Kashmir region over across to the Republic of India and Bangladesh in the east and to Sri Lanka and south-eastern China. In the Republic of India, it has been recorded in all states (except Uttar Pradesh), mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The Shaheen has also been reported from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.


Ecology and behaviour

The Shaheen is usually seen as a solitary bird, or in pairs on cliffs and rock pinnacles. Peregrines typically mate for life.Because of the size difference between a male and a female, a mated pair generally hunt different prey species. It is adapted to taking prey in the air and can achieve a speed of 240 kmh in level flight; when diving after prey it can exceed speeds of 320 kmh (200 mph).

Shaheens mostly hunt small birds, though medium-sized birds such as pigeons and parrots are also taken. Strong and fast, they dive from great heights to strike prey with their talons. If the impact does not kill the prey, the falcon bites the neck of its victim to ensure death.

In Culture

Peregrine Falcon or Shaheen Falcon is the State Bird of Pakistan.
In Pakistani literature, the Shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal.

Source:

List of birds of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

National Symbols of Pakistan :: Ministry of Information, Broadcasting & National Heritage (National Heritage & Integration Wing) :: Government of Pakistan.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Chukar Partridge (National Bird of Pakistan)

The Chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland game bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Its native range in Asia from Pakistan and Kashmir, India and Afghanistan. It is closely related and similar to its western equivalent, the Red-legged Partridge, Alectoris rufa. The Chukar is a rotund 32-35 cm long bird, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks and red legs. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance on rounded wings. Chukar prefer rocky, steep, and open hillsides. The Chukar is a resident breeder in dry, open, and often hilly country. In the wild, Chukar travel in groups of 5-40 birds called coveys. It nests in a scantily lined ground scrape laying 8 to 20 eggs. Chukars will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. When in captivity, they will lay 1 egg per day throughout the breeding season if the eggs are collected daily. For hunters, Chakur is a very challneging bird becuase of its surgical upward flights and sudden disappearances in the bushes.


Description

The Chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur. The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.

It is very similar to the Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) with which it has been lumped in the past but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the Red-legged Partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar from which the name is derived. The Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) has a reddish brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.


Distribution and habitat

This partridge has its native range in Asia, from Israel and Turkey through Afghanistan,Pakistan to India, along the inner ranges of the Western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the Red-legged Partridge, Alectoris rufa. It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 metres below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2000 to 4000 m except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600m.They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.


In culture

The Chukar is the National bird of Pakistan. In Punjab, the Chukar has been considered as a symbol of intense, and often unrequited, love.

Source:

List of birds of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

National Symbols of Pakistan :: Ministry of Information, Broadcasting & National Heritage (National Heritage & Integration Wing) :: Government of Pakistan.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Ansoo Lake,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)


Ansoo Lake is situated in Kaghan Valley Mansehra District of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located near Malika Parbat in the Himalayan range at the altitude of 4,245 meters(13,927 ft). This lake is considered to be one of the most beautiful lakes of the world.

The name "Ansoo" comes from its tear-like shape (the Urdu word Ansoo means teardrop). The lake also resembles a human eye with a central ice island resembling the iris and a ridge resembling an eyebrow, which becomes even more prominent when ice melts on the "eyebrow" during the summer. This ridge was partially destroyed in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

The lake is said to have been discovered in 1993 by Pakistan Air Force pilots who were flying low in the area. Earlier, the lake was not even known to the locals.

There is no place to stay at Ansoo Lake. Some people may camp on the top of extremely cold and windy mountains but it is very risky and even the locals do not recommend this.

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan

Bahauddin Zakariya University is located in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the Largest university of South Punjab. Bahauddin Zakariya University was formerly known as Multan University. It was renamed in honor of Hazrat Baha-ud-din Zakariya. It is a degree awarding institute in more than 23 subjects, including pharmacy, medical, engineering, humanities, business administration, law, art, music, IT, Agriculture and languages. The university is currently ranked at No. 3 in General Category Ranking of 2012 by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC).


Overview

The University started functioning in 1975 in rented buildings with 8 departments. But currently it has grown much and built many sub campuses also. Presently University has 20 departments and many constituent colleges namely; University Gilani Law College, and Multan College of Arts and many faculties including Veterinary faculty and faculty of Agricultural science and technology(FAST)(formerly UCA mean university college of Agriculture) . and faculty of Engineering and Technology The University is providing the maximum possible residential facilities to the students and staff.

The Bahauddin Zakariya University is a general University, providing instruction in both Arts and Science subjects. However, keeping in view the fact that agriculture is the mainstay of this region, (the place and its environs can boast of producing the country’s best silver crop (Cotton) and fruit crops (Mangoes, Citrus, and Dates), it was considered expedient to train manpower in the region for solving agricultural problems. Accordingly, a College of Agriculture was established in 1989. (The College of Agriculture and its complement, an Engineering College, form an integral part of the University Plan). The College of Engineering & Technology was established in 1994. Department of Commerce was started from November, 1996. BBA classes were started in the Department of Business Administration from October, 1996. Bachelor of Computer Science has also been introduced in the Department of Computer Science from November, 1996. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering class was started in November, 1997. Information Technology Centre was established in July 1999. BS and MSc. Telecommunication System was started in year 2004. B.Sc. Mechanical, Computer and Architectural Engineering classes were started in year 2005. All degrees awarded by the university are recognized by HEC, PEC & PMDC.


Academic departments

1. Faculty of Arts-Social Sciences
Department of Economics
Department of Education
Department of History
Department of Pakistan Studies
Department of Political Science & International Relations
Department of Mass Communication
Multan College of Arts
Department of Sociology
Department of Applied Psychology
Department of Philosophy
Undergraduate Studies in Social Sciences

2. Faculty of Science
Institute of Pure and Applied Biology
Department of Chemistry
Centre for Advanced Studies in Pure and Applied Mathematics (CASPAM)
Institute of Computing

(1)-Department Of Information Technology
(2)-Department Of Computer Science
(3)-Department Of Telecommunication Systems

Department of Physics
Institute of Biotechnology
Department of Statistics
Centre for Undergraduate Studies

3. Faculty of Islamic Studies and Languages
Department of Arabic
Department of Islamic Studies
Department of English
Department of Urdu
Department of Saraiki

4. Faculty of Commerce, Law & Business Administration
Institute of Management Sciences (Business Administrations)
Department of Business Administration ( Sub-Campus D.G.Khan )
Department of Computer Science ( Sub-Campus D.G.Khan )
Department of English ( Sub-Campus D.G.Khan )
Department of Economics ( Sub-Campus D.G.Khan )
Department of Business Administration ( Sub-Campus Sahiwal )
Department of Applied Psychology ( Sub-Campus Sahiwal )
Department of English ( Sub-Campus Sahiwal )
Department of Economics ( Sub-Campus Sahiwal )
Department of Commerce
Gillani Law College

5. Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Pharmaceutics
Department of pharmaceutical chemistry

6. Faculty of Veterinary Sciences

Departments:
Biosciences
Pathobiology
Clinical Sciences.
Livestock and Poultry Production

7. Faculty of Engineering
University College of Engineering & Technology
University College of Textile Engineering
Institute of Advance Materials


8. Faculty of Agriculture science and Technology Formerly it is called UCA mean university college of Agriculture now it is called FAST mean faculty o***ricultural Science and Technology . Fast Provide 8 Major subjects for specialization after 2 year but for evening program only four.

In order to improve the academic facilities of remote areas former Governor of Punjab Lt General (Rtd) Khalid Maqbool opened up sub campuses of the public sector universities with a vision to transform them into independent universities in future. Up till now following three sub-campuses of Bahauddin Zakariya University have been opened.


BZU Sub-Campus, D.G Khan
BZU Sub-Campus, Sahiwal
BZU Bahadur Sub-Campus, Layyah

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) Pakistan

The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ( SUPARCO) is an executive and bureaucratic space agency of the Government of Pakistan, responsible for the nation's public and civil space programme and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Its mission statement and objective is to conduct peaceful research in space technology and promote the technology for socio-economic uplift of the country.

Established in its modern form on 16 September 1961 by an executive order of President of Pakistan, it is headquarter in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan. Part of the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) of Pakistan Armed Forces, which is currently headquarters at the Chakalala Military District under the control of the PAF;the space programme recorded number of pioneering accomplishments in space flight during the initial years of its establishment.

Since its creation in 1961, the Suparco has achieved numerous milestones, including the first successful spaceflight of country's first weather expendable launch rocket, Rehbar-I. The country's first satellite, Badr-I, was built by the Suparco and launched by the China in 1990. However during the mean time, the space programme suffered many setbacks, difficulties, and problems that partly slowed the progress of the space programme. The bureaucratic influence and politicization further lagged the space programme and many projects were cancelled by the superior authorities.

Over the years, SUPARCO expanded and has several well expanded installations all over the country as assets, and cooperates in peaceful use of space technology with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral agreements.SUPARCO's science and research is mainly focused and concentrated on better understanding of the Solar system,Space weather, astrophysics (Big Bang Theory and Physical cosmology),astronomical observation, climatic studies,space and telemedicine, remote sensingand the Earth observation.




Aim and Mission statement

The prime goal and mainstream functional objective of Suparco is to undertake research and develop space technology and associated technologies to be serve on the various task relating to national interest of the country. Its official mission states its space policy:

"Strive to achieve self-reliance in space technology and applications for national security, economy and society."

—Mission statement of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission.


History

Creation


The independent research in space sciences and aeronautical development was insued and goaded by the senior physicists at the Department of Physics of the Punjab University, in 1957, following the successful launch of Soviet Union's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1 However, due to the political instability, the serious initiatives to established the programme was not undertaken by the Government of Pakistan. Since 1958, Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam had played a major and influential role in the development of Pakistan's science policy. It was Salam's advice to the President, Field Marshal Ayub Khan, to establish a national space authority to oversaw the development on the space programme; this led the establishment of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (denoted as SUPARCO) on 16 September 16, 1961, with Abdus Salam being its first administrated director. It was decided to set up a committee dealing with space sciences, consequently, a Space Sciences Research Wing at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). In few week, the committee was established through the Presidential Executive Order (PEO) of President Ayub Khan which was addressed to co-chairman Ishrat Usmani, the Chairman of PAEC. The program of rocket test firings was entrusted to the Chairman of PAEC.

1960s: Space flight programmes

One of the most earliest and notable achievement of Suparco activities was its unmanned space flight programme that was recorded on 7 June 1961. Suparco took research in the development of first solid-fuel expandable rockets, an assistance provided by the United States. On 7 June 1962, Suparco landed a record achievement when it had launched first unmanned solid-fuel sounding rocket and took its first initial space flight from the Sonmiani Terminal Launch.The rocket was developed in a joint venture with air force in a team led by PAF's Air Commodore (Brigadier-General) WJM Turowicz.Known as the Rehbar-I (lit. Teller of the way), Pakistan had secured its distinction as the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct successful spaceflight.The unmanned spaceflight mission continued under Turowicz, and according to Suparco, from the period 1962 till the partial termination of mission in 1972, ~200 sounding rockets took high success space flights from Sonmiani terminal launch. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) publicly hailed the space flight programme as thebeginning of "a programme of continuing cooperation in space research of mutual interest.


This cooperative agreement called for the training of Pakistan's scientists, engineers, and technicians at the specialized facilities in the United States. Before the June 1962 space flight programme, NASA had began to train Pakistan's scientists at Wallops Island and the Goddard Space Flight Centres. NASA also set up fellowships and research associate programmes at various American universities for "advanced training and experience."

On 25 July 1964, Salam arranged an another meeting with President Ayub Khan where Suparco was placed under the direct control of the President of Pakistan; it was followed by constituting the Suparco as an executive but separate authority under the administrative control of Salam on 8 March 1966. By the presidential decree, Salam was brought as its first and founding chairman and given the powers previously held by the PAEC Chairman.

Abdus Salam laid foundation of space infrastructure in Karachi and Lahore, particularly establishing infrastructure for physics research. With the establishment of Suparco, Pakistan was the first South Asian country to start a space programme. In 1967, Abdus Salam was succeeded by Air Commdore Władysław Turowicz, as he was made administrator of SUPARCO.Air Commdore Turowicz led the foundation of research activities and rocketry development in Suparco to the field of aeronautics sciences. The Doppler Radar Station (Islamabad Mission Control Center) was also established in a in the country as part of a global network.In 1973, American Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt paid a state visit to Karachi amid great fanfare, to see the Suparco's headquarters. It was also during the early 1970s that the Islamabad Ionospheric Station within Quaid-e-Azam University was set up and the NASA Landsat ground station was established near Rawat.


1970s-1980s: Bureaucratization and reorganization

Entering in the late 1970s era, the space programme suffered many setback and experience number of difficulties, including lack of government response, shortage of technical personnel and expert engineers needed for the country to have an effective space programme. The space flight programme was abruptly ended due to lack of funds and lessening government response.It was during this time the militarization of the space programme took place by Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto when many senior combatant officers were appointed at the administrative position in the space programme. Many scientists involved in the programmme were forcefully given transferred to PAEC and KRL to aid the success of the atomic bomb project.

In 1979-80s, Suparco launched the project to development and launch country's first artificial satellite and began sending hundreds of engineers to University of Surrey to participate in the development of UO-11 which was launched in 1984.In 1983, a communication satellite project called Paksat was initiated, with the establishment of the 10-meter diameter satellite ground station for interception of satellite transmissions.

After participating in various projects with University of Surrey, the team of engineers returned to Pakistan in 1986. Munir Ahmad Khan then returned to General Zia-ul-Haq and obtained his approval to began practical work on Badr-I. The project was started by Suparco's Dr. Salim Mehmud as director of the project and was supported by the members of Pakistan Amateur Radio Society. In short span of time, the Project Badr was completed, and the first satellite was named Badr-1. In 1990, Badr-I Pakistan's first locally built satellite was launched by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) of People's Republic of China (PRC).

1990s: Orbital slot crises and setbacks

In 1990s era, the space programme experienced a number of orbital slot crises and failures, just like the one experience in the Soviet space program. In 1991, Suparco launched another satellite project, Badr-B, with the technical assistance provided by the United Kingdom. The spacecraft's sub-systems were developed and manufactured by Pakistan-based DESTO, SIL, and British Rutherford Laboratory, while the spacecraft integration was performed by SUPARCO.The programme was completed in 1994, and it was expected to launch the same year. However, the space programme began to suffer much more serious trouble and lacked the technical assistance to launch the satellite on its own. The target to complete the satellite could not be achieved on time, and in 1994, plans to launch the spacecraft did not materialise, and the launch was halted and delayed long to 2001.


Despite its success in its space flight programme in the 1960s, Suparco began to face intense competition from its rival organizations to build the space boosters. In 1980s, Suparco largely took participation in building the first space booster, Hatf-I, but lost its credibility to KRL who had derived the space vehicle into an operational missile. As early as in 1995, Suparco lost its major contract to NDC bureau to developed the country's first space booster, Shaheen-I. Although, Suparco helped build the solid-fuel engine of the rocket and its space launch pad was also used for the spaceflights. Suparco failed to impress the government of its capabilities, and the control of the Shaheen expandable programme was handed over to NDC bureau as its executive authority.

In 1999, Abdul Qadeer Khan attempted to persuade President Pervez Musharraf but was unable to convince him to launch the satellite from Flight Test Center as Ghauri-I as its space booster. In 2001, after long negotiation with the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Badr-B took its first successful flight with Meteor-3M, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, as Ukrainian Zenit-2 rocket as its boost launcher.the satellite was operated successfully.


In 1993, the Paksat programme was again restarted but terminated in 1994 after Suparco lost the two orbital slots 38°E longitude and 41°E longitude, which was acquired for it in the Geo-synchronous orbit expired. In 2002, Suparco again applied for a new application for the allocation of five GSo slots (38°E, 41°E, 30°E, 88°E and 101°E) was filed. Although granted, Suparco faced the risk of losing its priority 38°E slot, if it didn’t launch its own satellite by April 2003.Under pressure and understanding the substantial negative impact on the space programme, Suparco made a move to acquire an American satellite-building firm, Hughes Satellite Systems (HGS), at a cost of around $5 million. This second-hand satellite had originally designed for Indonesia, but after a battery problem occurred making it useless during certain hours of the day, the firm was forced to sold the satellite to Pakistan as Paksat-1.

2000s: Recent developments and Revitalisation

In 2000, Suparco was brought under the National Command Authority in order focus on "real development" to begin, as its chairman maintained. Under the privileges and opportunities awarded by the economic liberalisation policies of Prime minister Shaukat Aziz, Suparco pushed itself to gain the support from the local government and the private-sector.

In 2003, Pervez Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz began to forcefully push Suparco to pursue and deliver an active space programme. Funding and government support was increased personally by Pervez Musharraf as he goaded the space programme as "next logical frontier". In 2004, Suparco launched an ambition project to developed country's first Geo-stationary satellite; the new project was known as Paksat-1Replacement. In 2007, Shaukat Aziz paid a state visit to Beijing where he successfully persuaded the China to joined the project, and to provided its financial assistance to succeed the project on time.

In 2005, then-President Pervez Musharraf outlined his vision for SUPARCO by laying down a clearly defined agenda for the national space agency to pursue and deliver in minimum time. Musharraf had made it clear that:

"Pakistan would need to catch up to the world space leaders and make up for lost time and neglect in the past and future".

In 2011, Suparco launched country's first satellite on schedule from China and was deployed successfully at 38°E in the Geo-stationary orbit.The new satellite took over the existing satellites of the country in orbit.

Test facilities and Space centers

The headquarters of the Suparco are located in Karachi, Sindh Province near at the Karachi University; while its administrative infrastructure is well developed and expanded all over the country. As early as in 1980s, Suparco joined the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme of Soviet Union and finally inaugurated the facility at the Suparco Headquarters. Known as "Pakistan Mission Control Center", the first commissioning test was carried out from 10 November 2009 at 0500Hrs.

The SUPARCO Plant located at Hub (a township of coastal Balochistan near Karachi), the Paksat-1R ground Control Station (near PCSIR Laboratories) and FTR (Flight Testing Range) located in Sonmiani, also in Balochistan, near Karachi.


Notable projects and achievements

Rehbar spaceflight programme

On 7 June 1962 at 19:53 hours (PST), the Rehbar-I took its first successful spaceflight in deep space from the Sonmiani Termial Launch. The rocket soared to about 130 km into the atmosphere, making Pakistan the third country in Asia and the 10th in the world to conduct such a launch. This was followed by the second booster, the Rehbar-II, which was also successfully launched from Sonmiani terminal launch on 9 June 1962. The data received from Rehbar-I and Rehbar-II gave scientists information on wind shear and structure of layers of the upper atmosphere extending beyond the stratosphere. The successful launch carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and it streaked up about 130 km into the atmosphere. SUPARCO tested its Rehbar rocket series for more than a decade. The space flight program was terminated on 8 April 1972.

Hatf Programme

The Hatf programme was developed with the contribution of the Suparco's scientists with collaboration with scientists from the KRL. The program was developed in extreme secrecy and was finally revealed in 1989 by the Pakistan Army. In January 1989, the rocket took its first maiden spaceflight which was dubbed by the army as "indigenous multistage rocket into deep space"; it was said to have reached an altitude of more than 480 km. Earlier in 1981, the Suparco had announced plans to test a launcher by 1986, and the Pakistan's press reported in early 1989 that a multi-stage rocket had successfully launched a 150-kilogram payload over 600 kilometers into "deep space.


Satellite-control programmes

Since early 1960s, when the second spaceflight of Rehbar-II weather rocket successfully took place to measure up the upper atmosphere; the program on other hand gradually improved. In 1980s, the Badr satellite program took place to counter the Rohini satellite, and was eventually launched by Suparco in 1990 in China. Since then, Suparco has an active satellite control program and controls various satellites, under the mutual agreement with the international community, from the Pakistan Mission Control Center (PMCC) located in Suparco headquarters.

Communication and Geosynchronous satellites

Badr-1A

In 1986, Suparco took initiatives to locally built country's first digital communication satellite, with the financial support of ministries of telecommunication and science. Initially, the government wanted Suparco to held talks with NASA but after the Challenger disaster, the U.S Government halted all major spaceflights. Instead China voluntarily offered Pakistan to launch its satellite, using its Long March 2 rockets. In 1990, the satellite was immediately airlifted to China with Suparco personnel. In July 1990, nation's first satellite was launched from China as, Badr-1, aboard a Long March 2E from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, China. The satellite successfully completed its designed life and it was termed by the government as "key success "to Suparco.

PakSat-1Extended

The PakSat program was originally conceived in 1980s but it due to its first technical failure, the program was terminated in 1994. In 2003, Suparco held talks with Hughes Space and Communications Company to lease the one of the Palapa satellite that it placed in ego-synchronous orbit for Indonesia. After Indonesia publicly declaring that the satellite unusable after an electric power anomaly; the Hughes Space paid the insurance claims and sold the satellite to Suparco as renaming it as "PakSat-IE".The HGS-3 was then acquired by Pakistan from M/s Hughes Global Services on "Full Time Leasing " and relocated to Pakistan's reserved slot at 38°East. After a series of orbital maneuvers, the satellite was stabilized at the final location on 20 December 2002 with 0°inclination. The satellite is in position at the Pakistan-licensed orbital location, 38°east longitude. In 2012. The PakSat-IE was decommissioned later after the second satellite was launched in 2011.

PakSat-1Replacement

On 14 August 2011, PakSat-1R was launched by China using Long March 3B rocket. The 11,000 lb Satellite was built by China Academy of Space Technology on DFH-4 space platform; this satellite raplced PakSat-1E. The PakSat-1R is program to support all conventional and modern Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) applications including broadband, E-learning, telemedicine, digital TV and emergency communications. The PakSat-1R satellite is program to control the total of up to 30 transponders: 18 in Ku-band and 12 in C-band. To ensure high degree of reliability and availability of the system, Suparco has two fully redundant and operational Mission control centers were established in Karachi and Lahore, one to act as the Main control facility and the other as Backup respectively.

Weather and earth observation

Badr-B

In 1992 SUPARCO was given orders to develop its first LEO-based Earth observation satellite. According to the director of this program dr. Abdul Majid, the satellite was to launch on June 1996 but the orbital crises and delayed the launch the satellite until it was agreed to launch on 10 December 2001 at 17:19 hours UT, Pakistan, from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan aboard a Russian Zenit-2 rocket, Russia.

Remote Sensing Satellites

In 2006-07, SUPARCO launch the physical development on high-resolution and the series of the remote-sensing weather satellties to meet the national and international user requirements in the field of satellite imagery.This dual purpose remote-sensing and the weather satellite program is known as the PRS program, and in January 2007, a feasibility and system definition study was concluded by Suparco, which recommended the launch of an optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite to ensure that the domestic and international user requirements are competitively met. In July 2007, the first prototype of the first optical satellite in this PRS program, and the launch of the manufacturing of the satellite was planned in the third quarter of year 2008. Initially, SUPARCO plans to launch an optical satellite with payload of 2.5-meter PAN in 700 km sun-synchronous orbit, which will be followed by a series of optical and SAR satellites in the future. The satellite is underdevelopment process and it is being developed by SUPARCO and it is expected to be launched in 2014.


Planetary Sciences and Scientific missions

Each and every year, Suparco holds and sponsors the World Space Week (WSW) to promote the understanding of the Earth science in all over the country.Suparco works with number of universities and research institutions to engage in research in observational astronomy and astrophysics. The Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA) of the Karachi University conducts key and co-sponsors the international level research in astrophysics, with the joint venture of Suparco.

Functions

In 2005,Musharraf has expressed his desired that "SUPARCO has suffered severe economic and global sanctions but in future Pakistan will send its satellites from its soil". Revitalization, restructuring, reorientation and modernization of SUPARCO are the main objectives outlined by President Musharraf. SUPARCO is to be brought at par with other strategic organizations around the world. Specific objectives include research and development of communication satellites, Remote sensing satellites and satellite launch vehicles, with the objective of bringing rapid growth and socio-economic development in the fields of education, astronomy, Cosmology, Exobiology, Stellar science, Planetary science, Planets, Extrasolar Planet, Dwarf Planets, Comets, Asteroids, astrophysics, astrobiology, astrochemistry, aerospace engineering, rocket propellent engineering, information technology, communications, agriculture sector, mineral excavation and atmospheric sciences.

Development of state policy concepts in the sphere of research and peaceful uses of space, as well as in the interests of national security
Organization and development of space activities in Pakistan and under its jurisdiction abroad
Contributing to state national security and defence capability
Organization and development of Pakistan's cooperation with other states and international
space organizations


Specific programs and missions

Scientific space research
Remote sensing of Earth
Satellite telecommunication systems
Geographic Information System
Natural Resource Surveying
Environmental monitoring
Acquisition of data for atmospheric/meteorological studies
Development of the ground-based infrastructure for navigation and special information system
Space activities in the interests of national security and defence
Development of research, test and production base of the space sector


Global particiaption

People's Republic of China

In August 2006, Peoples Republic of China signed an agreement with Pakistan to conduct joint research in space technology and committed to work with Pakistan to launch three Earth-weather satellites over the next five years. In May 2007, China (as a strategic partner) publicly signed an with Pakistan to enhance cooperation in the areas of space science and technology. The Pakistan-China bilateral cooperation in the space industry span a broad spectrum, including climate science, clean energy technologies, atmospheric and earth sciences, and marine sciences. On the occasion of Chinese launch of PakSat-1R, Pakistan's ambassador to China expressed the natural desire of Pakistan for China to send a first officially desginated Pakistan astronaut to space aboard a Chinese spacecraft.

Turkey

In December 2006, Turkey showed interest to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in its space programme, particularly in the development of satellites. In 2006, Turkish minister of science, accompanied by the Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan, signed the Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Pakistan to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in the development of satellite technology.The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and Turkish Aerospace Industries's senior ranking officials and representative signed a separate accord with the SUPARCO to enhance the cooperation in the satellite development program.


International collaboration and MoU

Invited by Soviet Union, Suparco joined the COSPAS-SARSAT program in 1990, after receiving the approval of the Government of Pakistan.Since 1990, Suparco has been controlling and hosting many Soviet-Russian COSPAS-SARSAT satellites. The Pakistan Mission Control Center in Karachi serves as headquarter of the region to control the Cospas satellites, and over the years Suparco has emerged as lead agency to provide the ground and satellite transmissions to Cospas-Sarsat program. Pakistan is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO).SUPARCO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number of foreign political entities:

China
Russia
Thailand
Ukraine
Iran
Brazil
Argentina
Turkey

France
South Korea
United Kingdom
Italy
Bangladesh
Peru
Mongolia
Philippines

Space programme 2040

The Space Programme 2040 is a satellite development and launch programme of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Suparco) Pakistan's supreme space research authority.The Space Programme 2040 intends to replace the Badr satellite programme and geo-stationary communication satellite. On August 11th, Paksat-IR was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by Suparco, making it first satellite to be launched under this programme According to Suparco, five GEO satellites and six LEO satellites will be launched in between 2011 till 2040.

The stated goals of the program are to expected gain significant experience in satellite development, practicing of Space medicine, and to promote socio-economic sector in the country.While, the programme intend to learn to developed the military and space technologies and to conduct experiments on fundamental sciences in space frontier, the Government maintained that Space Programme-2040's prime purpose to bring the benefits of the full spectrum of space technology to the people of Pakistan. On July 15th, 2011, Prime minister Yousaf Gillani gave official approval of the programme with the 2011 Pakistan fiscal year budget.


Spacecraft

The Space Programme 2040 included the development of five GEO satellites and six LEO satellites to replace Suparco's existing satellites in the orbit.There no plans for developing the of the Reusable Space Vehicle or space rocket booster, and the programme is entirely intend and focus to launch more communication and remote sensing satellites. In August 11th, the Suparco launched the Paksat-IR, as first satellite as part of this programme.


Geo-satellites

According to Suparco, the Space Programme intends to launch five GEO satellites from 2011 till 2040. Here the details are given:

Paksat-IE

The Paksat-IE was country's first GEO satellite that was operated by the Suparco. Previously owned by Boeing and operated under lease by Paksat. It was launched on 31 January 1996 and leased to Suparco in 2003. Since then, Suparco initiated to developed its own GEO satellite programme, financed by People's Republic of China. The satellite will be replaced by its advanced and upgrade satellite, the Paksat-IR.


Paksat-IR

The Paksat-IR is a first GEO satellite that was launched at 21:17hrs August 11th as part of this programme from People's Republic of China. Its' satellite vehicle was the Long March 3E carrier rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China's Sichuan province. The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and the Suparco was the main contractor to build Paksat-IR, and DESTO was selected to build the primary heat shield and electronic materials for the spacecraft. The Paksat-IR objectives are to support all conventional and modern Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) applications, with a total of 30 Communication Transponders (12 in C band and 18 in Ku band).
The GEO satellites that are under developed or purposed are listed below: Paksat-MM1
Paksat-MM2
Paksat-II


Low Earth orbit

In 1992, Suparco launched her first LEO project, and it was completed in 1996. Badr-II was Suparco's first LEO satellite and was launched in 2001 by Baikonur Cosmodrome by the Russian Space Agency. Since then, Suparco took initiatives to replace her first Suparco satellite, therefore, Remote Sensing Satellite programme in January 2007.

Optical satellite

Suparco plans to launched her first Optical satellite in the end year of 2011 from People's Republic of China.The satellite is reported to have payload of 2.5 meter PAN in 700km in SSO.It is the first satellite that is locally manufactured by the Suparco and to meet the national and international user requirements in the field of satellite imagery.


Remote Sensing Programme

There are six remote sensing satellites are expected to be developed and launched under this programme. Suparco is intending to launch her first remote sensing satellite in 2014 and it is named as PRSS-O1.According to Suparco, the planned and manufactured satellites are list below:

PRSS-O1
PRSS-S1
PRSS-O2
PRSS-S2
PRSS-O3
PRSS-S3

SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station

The SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station is an earth observation and remote sensing satellite control center. The SUPARCO's SGS center is a major space research centre of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), focusing on the earth observational and remote sensing technology.

The space center is currently controlled by the SUPARCO. It is located at Rawat near Islamabad, has an acquisition zone of approximately 2500 km radius and covers Pakistan and 25 other countries, wholly or partially, in the South Asian, Central Asian and Western Asia and Middle East regions. The SUPARCO's SGS center acquires and archives satellite data from different earth resources satellites. The data products and related services are offered to different user agencies within and outside Pakistan.


An artistic diagram of Paksat-1E satellite

The Badr-I is displayed before its prior launch in 1990

The preparations are being made to launched the Pakistan-based Rehbar-I in launch position in the 1961

Along with Meteor-3M, Badr-B is ready for launch

Paksat-1R launching,11 August,2011

 

[Michelle420]

Great pics thanks for sharing

 

[keyboardwarrior]

Greenwich University ,Karachi

The Greenwich University is duly recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) as an autonomous degree-awarding university. Greenwich, as a seat of learning, is known for its academic excellence, and is recognized, across the world, as one of the leading institutions of higher education in Pakistan. The University is legally empowered to offer its degree program overseas, and to grant affiliation to other institutions.

Introduction and history

The saga of Greenwich University spans over two decades which rests on the foundation stone of Southeastern University, Washington DC, USA, Pakistan Campus laid in 1987.

The award of foreign degrees in Pakistan originated at Southeastern University, Washington DC, to open the gates of quality education to the masses of Pakistan who had no opportunity other than a few government-run institutions. After 10 years as foreign university campus Greenwich act was passed through Sindh Assembly in 1998 (Act No. 1 of 1998 for Greenwich University).

Campus

Greenwich University overlooks the Arabian Sea, providing an atmosphere of tranquility to the campus. Several arteries of boulevards and avenues lead to Greenwich University situated in Defence Housing Authority, Karachi , a posh locality. The purposeful architecture of the University envelops a spacious courtyard, classrooms computer labs, library, cafeteria, gymnasium, sports field and a recreational center.

Programs

M. Phill / PhD

M.Phil./M.S. - (ENGLISH)

M.Phil./M.S. - (FINANCE)

M.Phil./M.S. - (HRM)

M.Phill./M.S - (MARKETING)

M.Phill./M.S. - (MANAGEMENT)

Ph.D - (ENGLISH)

Ph.D - (FINANCE)

Ph.D - (HRM)

Ph.D - (MARKETING)

Ph.D. - (MANAGEMENT)


Associate

AS - (ECONOMIC & FINANCE)

AS - (ECONOMICS)

AS - (ENGLISH)

AS - (MEDIA MANAGEMENT AND ADVERTISING)

AS - (ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION)

AS - BA (BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION)

AS - MCMS (MASS COMMUNICATION & MEDIA STUDIES)


Graduate

M. Ed. (EDUCATION)

M.A English (LINGUISTICS)

M.A English (LITERATURE)

MS - (BANKING)

MS - (EXECTIVE)

MS - (FINANCE)

MS - (HRM)

MS - (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)

MS - (MARKETING)

MS - (MEDIA MANAGEMENT AND ADVERTISING)

MS - (MIS)

MS - (SERVICES MANAGEMENT)

MS - (SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK)

MS - ENGLISH (LINGUISTICS)

MS - MCMS (ELECTRONIC & PRINT MEDIA)

MS - MCMS (PRINT AND BROADCAST JOURNALISM)


Undergraduate


B. Ed. (BACHELOR OF EDUCATION) One-Year

B. Ed. (BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION) 4 Years

BA - ENGLISH (LINGUISTICS)

BA - ENGLISH (LITERATURE)

BS - (ECONOMICS AND FINANCE)

BS - (ECONOMICS)

BS - (MEDIA MANAGEMENT AND ADVERTISING)

BS - BA (BANKING)

BS - BA (FINANCE)

BS - BA (HOTEL MANAGEMENT)

BS - BA (HRM)

BS - BA (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

BS - BA (MANAGEMENT)

BS - BA (MARKETING)

BS - BA (NGO MANAGEMENT)

BS - BA (SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT)

BS - MCMS (ADVERTISING)

BS - MCMS (PRODUTION)

BS - OC (ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION)

Trip to India