Then you have to step back about 300-700 years. Which is when after the Dark Ages and multiple plagues, the "Western World" finally allowed them to eclipse the region and surpass them (generally at around the time of the Renaissance). That is generally considered the "beginning of the end" of the Islamic Golden Age.
Interestingly, a lot of our past history and philosophical works were saved by Islam, in times that the Western World was destroying it. Only later to reclaim a lot of it. And now it is almost reversed, with the Western World saving a lot of things that Fundamentalists in Islam want to destroy.
But at that time, the "Middle East" is likely not what you think it was. It was a series of essentially "Occupation zones" of the Ottoman Empire. Primarily broken up into "Eyalet" or administrative zones. Normally named after the major city in the zone, these were for example "Baghdad", "Basra", "Tripoli", and over two dozen others. Only a few like "Syria" and "Egypt" are recognizable as actual "nations" as they already had been when the Turks conquered them. Those were then broken into smaller "Sanjak"s, or provinces. Like Jerusalem, Gaza, and the like.
Under Ottoman Rule, modern Jordan was made up of Maan, Hauran, and almost a dozen other districts. Modern Palestine-Israel was Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre, and the southern part of Beirut. The Ottomans themselves carved up the "nations" when they took over. And hundreds of years later the Europeans were trying to put them back together the best they could.
The Ottomans had done that hundreds of years ago, after WWII the districts were simply mostly changed into nations. The Europeans did not do that, the Ottoman Empire did it hundreds of years before that. And over the centuries, would rule them with greater or lesser levels of autonomy.