I spent four intense years, among other things, studying all those arguments my friend. I read with interest the scholarly agreement with them and the disagreement with them. All that commentary I judged to be presented via honorable and learned people who possessed no ulterior motives in presenting it. The student is left to choose the argument that makes the most sense to the student.
So can syllogism be used to make an argument for the existence of God? Yes and no.
I did my damndest for most of two decades to explain away everything I had ever heard or been taught about religion. I studied all the great religions and found that every single one of them contains kernels of truth and every one of them comes up lacking when it comes to answering the great cosmic questions that we probably aren't intended to know.
I stripped away every component of Christian beliefs/teaching that did not absolutely have to be there and arrived at the bare bones of what, for me, is truth:
1. God is
2. God loves me
3. We are not intended to fully understand it at least for now.
And that is based on empirical evidence.
I understand you. Nevertheless, the classical arguments for God’s existence are not about religion or faith as such. They're about the "science" of logic and the universal first principles of ontology that God imparted to mankind, the
Imago Dei, by which we may all know that God is and that mankind is morally accountable to Him. These arguments have been variously asserted by the likes of Moses, Isaiah, Daniel, David, Christ and the Apostle Paul in scripture, and they go to the concerns of evangelistic apologetics. While they have been asserted by others, including the pagan, natural philosopher Aristotle, they are not extra-biblical.
You're getting into the area of really heavy duty theology here, though, and such is foolishness to the non believer who doesn't believe those figures you listed even existed, much less that they had any particular insight into the ways of God. To use their arguments as authoritative is as futile as saying the Bible is true. How do you know? Because it says so.
However, Einstein and Spinoza before him latched onto the basic principle you are bringing up here: that the logical mind that observes the universe and all the wonders in it with an open mind almost has to have a sense of some sort of intelligence behind it all. At least such a concept is logical and reasonable to embrace. Only the most close minded deny such a possibility.
But again, with all due respect, that's not right, Foxfyre, that is to say, the first paragraph of your post is not right, either factually or biblically. There's really nothing heavy duty about the readily self-evident imperatives regarding the problem of origin. The rational faculty of the
Imago Dei was not corrupted by the Fall. That is the one thing that was left intact, "so that they are without excuse." Even the relativist, for example, cannot explain
how two mutually exclusive or diametrically opposed ideas could both be true at the same time, in the same way, within the same frame of reference. Even if reality, in spite of all apparent indications, beyond the confines of the absolute rational forms and logical categories of human consciousness (which entail the inherent laws of logic: the law of identity, the law of contradiction and the law of the excluded middle)
were irrational: we wouldn't know the difference, as our minds and our perception of things are bound by these absolutes. (In post #57, Quantum Wingbag gets at something profoundly true: the apparent world beyond our minds is filtered through our senses. The best we can do is operate on the logical proofs of justification and the apparent results of systematic falsification, but such, objectively speaking, cannot be said to be the stuff of absolute certainty.)
But I need not bring the Bible into the fray with regard to the problem of origin. I only mentioned the various biblical figures to let you know that everyone of the classical arguments for God's existence have been made in scripture. They are not to be spurned by the Christian, as they go to the concerns of evangelistic apologetics. I need not appeal to any authority at all! Once again, the imperatives regarding the problem of origin are readily and universally apparent to all. The initial problem of origin is not theological, but philosophical.
Errors in logic are not necessarily the same thing as closed-mindedness, but closed-mindedness will certainly get in the way of recognizing errors in logic.
For example, what is this resistance to the uncomplicated notion that the existence of the universe coupled with the imperatives of human consciousness
are the evidence for God's existence? What? A mind-bogglingly vast and complex universe, albeit, beautifully arrayed and systematically well-ordered, or so it seems, is
not evidence for a Sentient origin?! LOL! What folks are doing here is merely confounding the distinction between absolute certainty and the logical proofs of justification derived when reason is brought to bear on the evidence, and that is precisely what the classical arguments for God's existence do. "The shallow think" of the new atheism and the normative relativism of the post-modern world has merely obscured the implications of these arguments via logical fallacy and misapprehensions.
I have no power to convince anyone that God exists, but there is nothing mysteriously heavy duty about the fact that the ultimate origin of the universe is an eternally self-subsistent something that is either Sentient or inanimate. There is nothing mysteriously heavy duty about the fact that the atheist necessarily concedes the ontologically independent existence of the idea of God in his very denial that their be any substance behind it. There is nothing mysteriously heavy duty about the following observation universally apparent to all:
For the idea of God—which contains within itself its own specific nature and attributes—imposes itself on the human mind without the human mind willing that it do so. In other words, the idea objectively exists in and of itself, and the atheist necessarily acknowledges this every time he denies there be any substance behind it.
. . . This impression comes to us immediately and all at once: either (1) the universe has always existed in some form or another, in some dimensional estate or another, or (2) it was caused to exist by a Being Who has always existed, a necessarily transcendent Being of unlimited genius and power. In other words, the First Cause is either inanimate or sentient, immanent or transcendent.
That does not mean, however, that this objectively apparent impression constitutes an absolute proof for either alternative. It demonstrates that it's at the base of knowledge, that it's derived from reason, not faith.
I have no interest in proving God's existence to anyone, just in demonstrating the absurdities that arise from the denial of the possibility, which, incidentally, do not plague the bald assertion that God must be whatsoever. The reason for this is self-evident: the idea of God pertains to the origin of the universe, not to its nonexistence, while the unqualified denial of God's existence detours around an inescapable imperative: the undeniable possibility. The former stems from larger considerations that do not interrupt the natural course of logic; the latter is akin to the blind devotion of religious fanaticism.
The notion that the existence of the universe does not constitute evidence for God's existence is silly. The notion that the assertion of God's existence is not based on reason is silly. The notion that the inherently contradictory assertion of atheism carries as much or more power than the argument for God's existence is silly.
For those still struggling to clear the cobwebs from your minds, ask yourselves this question: What exactly is the evidence for atheism? The existence of the universe is evidence that God
doesn't exist. How does that work? Why is that rationally problematical, oddly startling in an almost visceral sense?