All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work. (2 Timothy 3:16-17).
This is the foundational passage on the subject of the inspiration of the Bible. It says very pointedly that all Scripture is inspired by God.
"Inspired by God" is translated from the single Greek word qeopneustos. This is the only time that this word ever occurs in the New Testament.
Perhaps, it is the first time this word is ever used in the Greek language. This means that Paul coined the word himself to describe the work of God in producing the Scriptures. Paul does something similar in 1 Thessalonians 4:9 when he says that you yourselves are taught by God to love one another - literally, you are "God-taught" (qeodidaktos).
Paul utilized a compound word, made up of two commonly used Greek words which are joined together to form a new word. The first word is qeos --- the word for God. The second word is pnew. It is a verb meaning "to breathe" or "to blow."
It is also the verbal form of the Greek word for "spirit" (pneuma).
Therefore, "all Scripture is GOD-BREATHED." The very breath and spirit of God has been infused into the writings of the Bible. This is why we refer to it as the Word of God.
Although the specific term that Paul coins was new, the concept was not. The Old Testament describes God as accomplishing the work of Creation "by the breath of His mouth" (Psalm 33:6). In the same way, the Bible is the result of the creative work of God.
ALL Scripture is inspired by God... (2 Timothy 3:16a).
All of Scripture is God-breathed. It is not just a small portion of the Bible, but every single sentence and every single word that is God-breathed --- all inclusive...
Jesus stressed this point when He spoke of the abiding quality of the Law in His Sermon on the Mount.
"For truly, I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass away from the Law, until all is accomplished." (Matthew 5:18).
The Greek text is even more specific. It says, "Not one IOTA or one KERAIA shall pass from the law."
IOTA was the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet.The KERAIA was the little horn attached to the Hebrew letter BETH to distinguish it from the letter KAPH.
Jesus says that each and every letter and dot of God’s word would continue to stand. There is not one part of the Bible that is more inspired or more trustworthy than any other part. It is ALL completely God's word.
It is the Scriptures themselves that are inspired. Paul does not say that the writers of the Scriptures were inspired. He says that the Scriptures themselves that are inspired.
If it had been merely the human authors who had received a revelation from God and then had written their own interpretation of that revelation, then we might wonder if they had not permitted error to creep in as they put this truth into their own words. It is not the writers, but the Scriptures themselves which are said to be God-breathed.
This means that God did not guarantee that everything that Peter or Paul or any other of the human authors ever wrote were correct. No doubt, they wrote many other things that were not inspired by God and the inerrancy of those other writings is not guaranteed.
Rather, it is the truthfulness of the books that make up our Bible that is guaranteed by inspiration.
At the same time, we must recognize the aspect of dual authorship. By this, I mean that there were really two authors of each book - the Holy Spirit and the human author.
There are instances where the human writers described things of which they were eye-witnesses and merely wrote of the thing that they had seen. At other times, these same writers described events that they could not possibly have known about without a supernatural revelation from God (such as those events which took place prior to the creation of man).
There were also times when they wrote and did not themselves understand the full implications of that which they wrote (Daniel writes certain things which are to be sealed up until a future time).
Therefore the principle of inspiration refers to RESULT, not the METHOD in which the Scriptures were written.
In this way, the Bible was written both by men and yet at the same time it is the Word of God.
DEFINITION OF INSPIRATION
It is the truth that God has moved certain men to write in such a way that the result of that writing, the Scriptures, are the very word of God. Inspiration is a narrower term than revelation. Inspiration relates to God’s revelation of Himself as it is found in the pages of the Scriptures. Although all Scripture is inspired by God and all Scripture is therefore revelation from God, not all of revelation is Scripture. We have already noted how God has revealed Himself at many different times and in many different ways. The Scriptures are therefore only one of the many ways in which God has revealed Himself.
There were indeed times when the Lord dictated His message very explicitly to the prophets.
Moses wrote down all the words of the LORD (Exodus 24:4).
Then the LORD said to Moses, "Write down these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel" (Exodus 34:27).
The word which came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, "Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, ‘Write all the words which I have spoken to you in a book.’" (Jeremiah 30:1-2).
Then the LORD answered me and said, "Record the vision and inscribe it on tablets, that the one who reads it may run" (Habakkuk 2:2).
In Jeremiah 36 we have a vivid picture of God giving His message to Jeremiah and then Jeremiah dictating that same message to his servant and scribe Barach.
And it came about in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, that this word came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, "Take a scroll and write on it all the words which I have spoken to you concerning Israel, and concerning Judah, and concerning all the nations, from the day I first spoke to you, from the days of Josiah, even to this day. "Perhaps the house of Judah will hear all the calamity which I plan to bring on them, in order that every man will turn from his evil way; then I will forgive their iniquity and their sin."
Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah, and Baruch wrote at the dictation of Jeremiah all the words of the LORD, which He had spoken to him, on a scroll. And Jeremiah commanded Baruch, saying, "I am restricted; I cannot go into the house of the LORD. So you go and read from the scroll which you have written at my dictation the words of the LORD to the people in the LORD's house on a fast day. And also you shall read them to all the people of Judah who come from their cities. Perhaps their supplication will come before the LORD, and everyone will turn from his evil way, for great is the anger and the wrath that the LORD has pronounced against this people."And Baruch the son of Neriah did according to all that Jeremiah the prophet commanded him, reading from the book the words of the LORD in the LORD's house. (Jeremiah 36:1-8).
In this case, the message of God was given through the intermediaries of Jeremiah and Baruch, yet nothing is said to have been lost in translation.
"But know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one's own interpretation, for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God." (2 Peter 1:20-21).
Remember that Peter is writing these words in the midst of an epistle which attacks false doctrine and false prophets. There were those who were claiming to have their own revelation of God - this was the origin of Gnosticism. Peter says that the Scripture is more authoritative because it came from a higher source and a higher will.
The writers of Scripture were able to speak from God because the were "moved by the Holy Spirit." The verb used here is feromenoi, a present passive participle. This is the same root word used as is found in Acts 27:15 where "the ship was caught in it, and could not face the wind, we gave way to it, and let ourselves BE DRIVEN ALONG" (eferoumeqa). Just as the driving force behind the ship was the wind, so the driving force behind the writers of Scripture was the Holy Spirit.
This is important to understand. The human writers of the Scriptures did not consider the those Scriptures to be a work which was the combined viewpoints of God and man. This was God’s Word because it was God who had carried out the work.
God was able to use... All of the past experiences of the human writers. Their vocabulary and grammar.
Their thought process and style of writing, and still have the result to be the exact message which He sought to impart.
How is this possible? To us it would not be. Such a work would only be possible to the Sovereign Lord of the Universe. VERBAL PLENARY INSPIRATION
This means that God in His sovereignty chose the precise words and phrases that would go into the Scriptures, at the same time using the vocabulary and grammar of the human authors. Plenary Inspiration refers to every single portion of the Bible being fully and completely inspired by God. We have already pointed to the words of Jesus in establishing this principle: For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass away from the Law, until all is accomplished (Matthew 5:18).
Now, we must point out that it is not the many various translations of the Bible that have been inspired, but the original manuscripts as they were penned by the human authors which are "God-breathed."
The Bible has been copied and recopied. It has been translated into many languages. But none of these translations are inspired. It is only the original autographs which are inspired.
OBJECTIONS TO THE DOCTRINE OF VERBAL PLENARY INSPIRATION
The teaching of the verbal plenary inspiration of the Scriptures has come under heavy attack in recent years. There are many who would deny that each and every word of the Bible is the Word of God and without error. There have been several lines of evidence to support such a view.
Paul's Apparent Disclaimer of Inspiration.
In his first epistle to the Corinthians, Paul makes some statements which, at first glance, seem to deny total inspiration.
"But to the married I give instructions, not I, but the Lord, that the wife should not leave her husband." (1 Corinthians 7:10).
It has been suggested that Paul is showing how he is giving the commands of God rather than his own personal commands, but that in verse 12 he leaves God's instructions and moves forward with instructions that are comprised only his own personal opinion. Notice the following phrases:
"But to the rest I say, not the Lord..." (1 Corinthians 7:12).
"Now concerning virgins I have no command of the Lord, but I give an opinion as one who by the mercy of the Lord is trustworthy." (1 Corinthians 7:25).
These verses might be difficult until we realize that Paul is merely contrasting the commands which have already been given by the Lord Jesus while He was on earth with the new commands that Paul is now giving.
Thus, he is not denying inspiration, but rather is simply quoting the words of Christ to prove his point.
In verse 25 Paul gives his opinion, but this does not mean that it is not an inspired opinion - one which "by the mercy of the Lord is trustworthy."
Anyone who has read through the Bible has quickly seen that it often quotes itself. The New Testament contains hundreds of quotations from the Old Testament.
A close examination of the quotations will reveal that they are not always exact. There are often variants as a word or a whole phrase is changed.
Sometimes the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament) is quoted - even when that translation makes a notable departure from the Hebrew text. At other times, the author gives a rather free translation.
Does this mean that each and every word of the original passage is not inspired? Not at all. These quotations are often deliberately general to bring out and better illustrate the truth that is being taught.
We can view them as a divinely inspired commentary on the text which is being quoted. Indeed, much of the Old Testament Scriptures are explained and amplified in the New Testament.
The Problem of Conflicting Reports.
There are a number of instances when two different writers in the Bible describe the same event. In such cases, there are sometimes major differences in the details between the two accounts. Here are just a few examples:
The genealogy of Jesus (Matthew 1:1-17 versus Luke 3:23-38).
The calling of the disciples (Matthew 4:18-22 with Luke 5:1-11 and John 1:40-42).
The setting of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1 and Luke 6:17).
The cursing of the fig tree and the time of its actual withering (Matthew 21:18-20 versus Mark 11:12-13 and 11:20-21).
The inscription that was placed over the cross of Jesus (Matthew 27:37; Mark 15:26; Luke 23:38 and John 19:19).
The account of the events following Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1-31 and Galatians 1:13-17).
The following general answers can be suggested to these problems:
Not all of these passages are necessarily speaking of the same event. For example, it seems that Jesus called His disciples on at least two separate occasions.
Sometimes a chronological order of events is set aside and replaced with a topical order.
For example, a writer of one of the gospel accounts might begin to detail the things that Jesus said during His ministry concerning a specific topic. Another writer might list those events in the order in which they took place.
Certain words and phrases are used interchangeably due to the fact that the quotations might have been made from different languages. This is seen in the case of the teaching of Jesus who probably preached in Hebrew or Aramaic while His sayings are recorded in Greek.
God has spoken. He has spoken in a way in which we can understand. He has preserved His message to us in the Scriptures. His message is true. It is complete and without error. And we can believe it.