Purpose:
Payroll taxes fund specific social programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment benefits.
Income taxes fund general government operations, including defense, education, infrastructure, and public services.
Who Pays:
Payroll taxes are split between employers and employees (e.g., each pays 6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare).
Income taxes are paid solely by individuals, though employers withhold them from paychecks.
Tax Rates:
Payroll taxes have fixed rates (e.g., 15.3% total for Social Security and Medicare) and apply only up to income caps (e.g., Social Security tax stops at $176,100 in 2025).
Income taxes use a progressive rate system, ranging from 10% to 37%, based on income level and filing status.
Income Base:
Payroll taxes apply only to wages and salaries.
Income taxes apply to all sources of income, including wages, investments, and rental income.
Calculation Method:
Payroll taxes are calculated based only on gross income.
Income taxes consider filing status, deductions, credits, and exemptions.