The existing scholarship indicates that John Punch was the first man known to be perpetually enslaved on July 9, 1640, a punishment he received for attempting to flee his indenture. He absconded alongside two fellow servants, a 'dutchman' named Victor and a 'Scotchman called James Gregory.' Following their apprehension, his counterparts each received only one additional year upon their indenture, while Punch, listed as a 'negro,' was enslaved 'for the time of his natural Life.' Punch's sentence documents an early framework for the growing attachment between Blackness and enslavement in North America, as the indentured white men did not receive similar punishment. Thus, Hugh Gwyn, the man who owned John Punch, would be the first recognized slaveholder, eliminating the spurious claim that a Black man innovated the North American system.