The
Tulsa race massacre (also called the
Tulsa race riot, the
Greenwood Massacre, or the
Black Wall Street Massacre) of 1921
[9][10][11][12][13][14] took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents attacked black residents and businesses of the
Greenwood District in
Tulsa,
Oklahoma.
[1] It has been called "the single worst incident of
racial violence in American history."
[15] The attack, carried out on the ground and from private aircraft, destroyed more than 35 square blocks of the district – at that time the wealthiest black community in the United States, known as "Black Wall Street".
More than 800 people were admitted to hospitals and as many as 6,000 black residents were interned at large facilities, many for several days.
[16][17] The Oklahoma Bureau of Vital Statistics officially recorded 36 dead, but the
American Red Cross declined to provide an estimate. A
2001 state commission examination of events was able to confirm 39 dead, 26 black and 13 white, based on contemporary autopsy reports, death certificates and other records.
[1]:114 The commission gave overall estimates from 75–100 to 150–300 dead.
[1]:13
[1]:23
The massacre began over Memorial Day weekend after 19-year-old
Dick Rowland, a black
shoeshiner, was accused of assaulting Sarah Page, the 17-year-old white
elevator operator of the nearby Drexel Building. He was taken into custody. A subsequent gathering of angry local
whites outside the courthouse where Rowland was being held, and the spread of rumors he had been
lynched, alarmed the local
black population, some of whom arrived at the courthouse armed. Shots were fired and twelve people were killed: ten white and two black.
[18] As news of these deaths spread throughout the city, mob violence exploded.
[2] White rioters rampaged through the black neighborhood that night and morning killing men and burning and looting stores and homes, and only around noon the next day
Oklahoma National Guard troops managed to get control of the situation by declaring martial law. About 10,000 black people were left homeless, and property damage amounted to more than $1.5 million in real estate and $750,000 in personal property (equivalent to $32.25 million in 2019).