Are Blacks More Racist Than Whites? Most Americans Say Yes

[IM2]

.So t me play your game with you.

Congress voted in 2006 to extend the black right to vote for 25 more yeas. So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does provisions of white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

They voted in 2006 to extend the protective provisions, not the black right to vote. The right to vote for minorities was never up for renewal.

So they did vote to renew the right for blacks to vote. What the fuck do you think those protective provisions were for you stupid fucker? Without those we do not fucking vote! Damn, why in fuck do you bastards chose to play these fucked up games. Either be mother fucking men or women about this or shut the fuck up. The question for every white person here is this:

So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

Yes, "the right to vote was never up for renewal" EXACTLY means "the right to vote was up for renewal". You are so fucking clever to have figured out how SAYING THE EXACT OPPOSITE was somehow saying what you wanted to hear.

So can one of you LYING LEFTIST BIGOTS explain why we're supposed to give a tin shit about "racism" that doesn't actually exist except in your imagination?

Our right to vote was up for renewal. Period. The fact you don't want to face, is the right of whites to vote or any provisions around that right never goes to congress for a vote to renew.

Prove when racism ended and its effects were allayed. Show, with data and peer-reviewed studies supporting your argument, when the effects of the hundreds of years of anti-Black racism from chattel slavery through Old Jim Crow leveled off. Show when the wealth expropriated during that oppression was repaid to those it was expropriated from and through. And remember, after you’ve addressed the end of anti-Black racism you’ll still have to explain when anti-Latinx, anti-Asian, anti-Arab, and anti-Native racism came to an end as well.

Since this is all imaginary you should be able to produce the proper documentation hat shows when racism ended. But you see Cecile, the problem here is that you and others claim blacks are more racist than whites. So how could that be if it's imaginary?

You're an amateur Cecile.

 

[Cecilie1200]

Riiiiiight. IM2 babbles on and on endlessly about the evils of "the whites of today" because HE'S a collectivist, but the problem is that WE are mysteriously and unexplainably viewing his insults as insults.

And if "YOU " are that easily insulted by something stated on an anonymous message board, and do not possess the mental acuity to determine if it applies directly to you, then it may be possible that your emotional maturity is questionable.

NO, the problem is IM2 and you.




Try not insulting people, or defending insults and lies.

You nor anyone else tells me "what to defend". You should try not being such a pompous asshole and you won't be insulted in return by me.

It was a suggestion. Obviously. And I try to treat people the way they treat me. If you feel that I am a "pompous asshole" then I have succeeded.

As far as IM2 goes, he is a grown man,

Do not speak to me about him. Grow some balls and talk to him yourself.

I've spoken and am speaking to him plenty. WHich you know.


BUt you had to pretend otherwise, to sort of justify your little zinger,


cause shit like that, is ALL you have.



Cecilie's point stands, you've done nothing to refute it, NOTHING.




Her words.


"IM2 babbles on and on endlessly about the evils of "the whites of today" because HE'S a collectivist, but the problem is that WE are mysteriously and unexplainably viewing his insults as insults."

I don't care what a dumb woman thinks. You guys do the same to us then when we call you out you whine about being individuals. Well we are individuals and just because we denounce your racism doesn't mean we all are doing so because we want to find a reason to blame whites for our failures. This is what you Cecile and every other racist has stated about blacks as a group. So no one gives a fuck what either of you think or are insulted by with your fake individualism.

So you're not only a racist, you're also a sexist. Good to know.

Not surprising that the only two "accomplishments" in life that you have are to have black skin and a penis.

 

[Cecilie1200]

I didn't lie about shit. You are nothing. A troll. I, Katsteve and other blacks are here in a all white forum challenging your racism. But you are a pussy, you won't do the same and enter an all black forum running your mouth like you do here. You are a coward. You have no credibility. .

1. You claimed that the 2006 vote was a renewal of the black right to vote. THat was a lie.

2. I constantly address your claims seriously and honestly. That is the opposite of a troll. YOu calling me a troll is another lie.

3. "All white forum"? LOL!!!! Support that bullshit or do you just want to admit that it is just another lie?


4. YOu don't challenge my racism, because I am not racist. I challenge you on issues, and your only defense is to insult me because your polices are wrong, and you can't defend them based on their merits.

5 ALso, as you falsely called me an asshole, I will now honestly call you one. YOu are a race baiting asshole.


6. Mmm, an all black forum. Interesting idea. Got a link?


7. There is no physical danger for any of us, on an internet forum. It is stupid to call me a coward.


8. My credibility is fine. I never lie, and anyone who is not a self deluding asshole, can see that.

I did not lie about 2006.

You're a white racist troll. You've not shown the national policy of anti white discrimination. You have not shown by peer reviewed evidence when racism ended. You have not shown where the white right to vote in any way shape or form was ever up for a congressional vote, to protect that right or provisions thereof.. You haven't shown one amendment that was ever made to protect the white right to vote.

You avoid everything. Then you whine.

Someone should let this cat IM2 know that white students were victims of reverse racism when they were forced to go to the majority black schools during the civil rights movement or act that forced that to happen.

Many whites actually dropped out of school during the time period all due to not wanting to be subjected to the racism they were to face at these schools when forced to go there as students. They became pawns in a government experiment to then stop racism or to stop the separation of whites and blacks in all things government where government was in control.

This was one of the areas where whites made more sacrifices in the struggle, whether it was sacrificing their educations to keep from being abused or sticking it out because they actually believed that the experiment could work, and it did work as they also gave sacrifice in the situation to make sure that it did.

Whites and blacks suffered greatly during the period of transformation, and to suggest that no whites suffered is a testiment that some people are either liars or just ignorant as to the entire situation that took place back then.

I was bused to a predominately white school during that era, and I do not have fond memories of it. A number of black students that were sent there dropped out, and one even committed suicide.

My parents marched in the civil rights movement and endured all of the abuse that other protesters did, and then some.

Speaking for myself, everyone made sacrifices during that era.

Including whites... Someone tell the ignorant IM2 that please.

Many whites including the ones down in Mississippi sacrificed their lives for the black struggle, and to negate that fact like IM2 does here flies into the face of all who sacrificed or we're sacrificed upon the alter of civil rights be it black or white who believed that all men are created equal, and were endowed by their creator etc.

One of the many ways you can tell that IM2 is a racist piece of shit: he looks at the many, MANY white people throughout American history who risked, if not gave, their lives to obtain freedom for black people, and then he decides that the color of the skin far outweighs the content of their actions, and dismisses them as being of no consequence and deserving of no gratitude.

Sorry, but it doesn't get any more racist than that.

 

[IM2]

Yeah we know Correll.

Don't try the talking about the 15th amendment son. We all know that amendment was not followed.

Try to be less stupid.

If you know that, then why did you refer to the "black right to vote"?

Because it was the blacks right to vote. Do not try to pretend the 15th was followed junior. .

Wow. I see what you are trying say. But you are too dumb to actually say it.


Thank you for once again insulting every white in this country, by pretending that they are the same today as they were in 1955.

I'm not insulting every white in this country by saying there are whites who still have the same attitude whites had in1818. Because there are whites who say the same thing. You are a prime example of it.

Yeah, except you AREN'T saying, "There are whites". You are saying, "White people". In the English language, that means "all of them".

Let's stop the gaslighting and you understand that whites are responsible for the racism here in America. That is documented historical and legal fact. To say that is not racist, it does not meet the definition of racsm. Just because you don't like hearing this does not make it racist. There are whites who have the same attitude whites had in 1818. I have said that more than once. I have never said anything even close to meaning that all whites have the same attitude they did in 1818. Stop making things up.

 

[IM2]

1. You claimed that the 2006 vote was a renewal of the black right to vote. THat was a lie.

2. I constantly address your claims seriously and honestly. That is the opposite of a troll. YOu calling me a troll is another lie.

3. "All white forum"? LOL!!!! Support that bullshit or do you just want to admit that it is just another lie?


4. YOu don't challenge my racism, because I am not racist. I challenge you on issues, and your only defense is to insult me because your polices are wrong, and you can't defend them based on their merits.

5 ALso, as you falsely called me an asshole, I will now honestly call you one. YOu are a race baiting asshole.


6. Mmm, an all black forum. Interesting idea. Got a link?


7. There is no physical danger for any of us, on an internet forum. It is stupid to call me a coward.


8. My credibility is fine. I never lie, and anyone who is not a self deluding asshole, can see that.

I did not lie about 2006.

You're a white racist troll. You've not shown the national policy of anti white discrimination. You have not shown by peer reviewed evidence when racism ended. You have not shown where the white right to vote in any way shape or form was ever up for a congressional vote, to protect that right or provisions thereof.. You haven't shown one amendment that was ever made to protect the white right to vote.

You avoid everything. Then you whine.

Someone should let this cat IM2 know that white students were victims of reverse racism when they were forced to go to the majority black schools during the civil rights movement or act that forced that to happen.

Many whites actually dropped out of school during the time period all due to not wanting to be subjected to the racism they were to face at these schools when forced to go there as students. They became pawns in a government experiment to then stop racism or to stop the separation of whites and blacks in all things government where government was in control.

This was one of the areas where whites made more sacrifices in the struggle, whether it was sacrificing their educations to keep from being abused or sticking it out because they actually believed that the experiment could work, and it did work as they also gave sacrifice in the situation to make sure that it did.

Whites and blacks suffered greatly during the period of transformation, and to suggest that no whites suffered is a testiment that some people are either liars or just ignorant as to the entire situation that took place back then.

I was bused to a predominately white school during that era, and I do not have fond memories of it. A number of black students that were sent there dropped out, and one even committed suicide.

My parents marched in the civil rights movement and endured all of the abuse that other protesters did, and then some.

Speaking for myself, everyone made sacrifices during that era.

Including whites... Someone tell the ignorant IM2 that please.

Many whites including the ones down in Mississippi sacrificed their lives for the black struggle, and to negate that fact like IM2 does here flies into the face of all who sacrificed or we're sacrificed upon the alter of civil rights be it black or white who believed that all men are created equal, and were endowed by their creator etc.

One of the many ways you can tell that IM2 is a racist piece of shit: he looks at the many, MANY white people throughout American history who risked, if not gave, their lives to obtain freedom for black people, and then he decides that the color of the skin far outweighs the content of their actions, and dismisses them as being of no consequence and deserving of no gratitude.

Sorry, but it doesn't get any more racist than that.

I've done nothing of the sort. But one way we know you are a racist is you want give whites more credit than they deserved and give blacks no credit at all.

 

[IM2]

And if "YOU " are that easily insulted by something stated on an anonymous message board, and do not possess the mental acuity to determine if it applies directly to you, then it may be possible that your emotional maturity is questionable.

NO, the problem is IM2 and you.




Try not insulting people, or defending insults and lies.

You nor anyone else tells me "what to defend". You should try not being such a pompous asshole and you won't be insulted in return by me.

It was a suggestion. Obviously. And I try to treat people the way they treat me. If you feel that I am a "pompous asshole" then I have succeeded.

As far as IM2 goes, he is a grown man,

Do not speak to me about him. Grow some balls and talk to him yourself.

I've spoken and am speaking to him plenty. WHich you know.


BUt you had to pretend otherwise, to sort of justify your little zinger,


cause shit like that, is ALL you have.



Cecilie's point stands, you've done nothing to refute it, NOTHING.




Her words.


"IM2 babbles on and on endlessly about the evils of "the whites of today" because HE'S a collectivist, but the problem is that WE are mysteriously and unexplainably viewing his insults as insults."

I don't care what a dumb woman thinks. You guys do the same to us then when we call you out you whine about being individuals. Well we are individuals and just because we denounce your racism doesn't mean we all are doing so because we want to find a reason to blame whites for our failures. This is what you Cecile and every other racist has stated about blacks as a group. So no one gives a fuck what either of you think or are insulted by with your fake individualism.

So you're not only a racist, you're also a sexist. Good to know.

Not surprising that the only two "accomplishments" in life that you have are to have black skin and a penis.

You are dumb nd you are a woman. I have called these racist males dumb also. Racism and sexism have nothing to do with me. You sure these are my only two accomplishments? Because I can easily make you eat your words. I suggest you stop making these kinds of assumptions.

 

[Ghost of a Rider]

.So t me play your game with you.

Congress voted in 2006 to extend the black right to vote for 25 more yeas. So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does provisions of white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

They voted in 2006 to extend the protective provisions, not the black right to vote. The right to vote for minorities was never up for renewal.

So they did vote to renew the right for blacks to vote. What the fuck do you think those protective provisions were for you stupid fucker? Without those we do not fucking vote! Damn, why in fuck do you bastards chose to play these fucked up games. Either be mother fucking men or women about this or shut the fuck up. The question for every white person here is this:

So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

Yes, "the right to vote was never up for renewal" EXACTLY means "the right to vote was up for renewal". You are so fucking clever to have figured out how SAYING THE EXACT OPPOSITE was somehow saying what you wanted to hear.

So can one of you LYING LEFTIST BIGOTS explain why we're supposed to give a tin shit about "racism" that doesn't actually exist except in your imagination?

Our right to vote was up for renewal. Period.

No, it was not. Why do you keep saying this? It's already been explained to you that the provisions were up for renewal, not the right to vote. And the provisions do not provide the black right to vote nor is the black right to vote contingent upon the provisions being in effect. As already mentioned, the provisions only provided protections against unfair literacy tests and whatnot.

If they did away with the provisions today, blacks would still have the right to vote. And even if certain state and local governments imposed literacy tests and the like, it would be pointless since, as far as I know, blacks are just as literate as whites anyway.

 

[Cecilie1200]

I did not lie about 2006.

You're a white racist troll. You've not shown the national policy of anti white discrimination. You have not shown by peer reviewed evidence when racism ended. You have not shown where the white right to vote in any way shape or form was ever up for a congressional vote, to protect that right or provisions thereof.. You haven't shown one amendment that was ever made to protect the white right to vote.

You avoid everything. Then you whine.

Someone should let this cat IM2 know that white students were victims of reverse racism when they were forced to go to the majority black schools during the civil rights movement or act that forced that to happen.

Many whites actually dropped out of school during the time period all due to not wanting to be subjected to the racism they were to face at these schools when forced to go there as students. They became pawns in a government experiment to then stop racism or to stop the separation of whites and blacks in all things government where government was in control.

This was one of the areas where whites made more sacrifices in the struggle, whether it was sacrificing their educations to keep from being abused or sticking it out because they actually believed that the experiment could work, and it did work as they also gave sacrifice in the situation to make sure that it did.

Whites and blacks suffered greatly during the period of transformation, and to suggest that no whites suffered is a testiment that some people are either liars or just ignorant as to the entire situation that took place back then.

I was bused to a predominately white school during that era, and I do not have fond memories of it. A number of black students that were sent there dropped out, and one even committed suicide.

My parents marched in the civil rights movement and endured all of the abuse that other protesters did, and then some.

Speaking for myself, everyone made sacrifices during that era.

Including whites... Someone tell the ignorant IM2 that please.

Many whites including the ones down in Mississippi sacrificed their lives for the black struggle, and to negate that fact like IM2 does here flies into the face of all who sacrificed or we're sacrificed upon the alter of civil rights be it black or white who believed that all men are created equal, and were endowed by their creator etc.

I said, "speaking for myself, everyone sacrificed"..that includes everyone who was impacted in some way, in spite of their race.

I know you don't need me to speak for you so I won't. What I will say is that am tired of these white people here who have chosen to diminish what we have endured in every instance to make claims of how whites have suffered and how we need to be grateful to them as the small numbers of whites who worked with blacks are the exclusive reason why we got freedom or civil rights.

"Diminish what we have endured" = refusing to pretend 2018 is no different from 1955, and refusing to take the blame for the actions of people who died before we were born.

You only "need to be grateful" if you're a decent human being who puts recognition of facts and attempts to put right the wrongs of the past above playing the victim. Since that doesn't apply to you . . .

 

[IM2]

Cecile you run your mouth. but talk is cheap.

Prove when racism ended and its effects were allayed. Show, with data and peer-reviewed studies supporting your argument, when the effects of the hundreds of years of anti-Black racism from chattel slavery through Old Jim Crow leveled off. Show when the wealth expropriated during that oppression was repaid to those it was expropriated from and through. And remember, after you’ve addressed the end of anti-Black racism you’ll still have to explain when anti-Latinx, anti-Asian, anti-Arab, and anti-Native racism came to an end as well.

Since this is all imaginary you should be able to produce the proper documentation that shows when racism ended. But you see Cecile, the problem here is that you and others claim blacks are more racist than whites. So how could that be if it's imaginary?

 

[Cecilie1200]

I said, "speaking for myself, everyone sacrificed"..that includes everyone who was impacted in some way, in spite of their race.

I know you don't need me to speak for you so I won't. What I will say is that am tired of these white people here who have chosen to diminish what we have endured in every instance to make claims of how whites have suffered and how we need to be grateful to them as the small numbers of whites who worked with blacks are the exclusive reason why we got freedom or civil rights.

I know that you're not speaking for me.

Frankly, I got tired of it a long time ago in a different forum. If you think that some of those here are bad, the forum that I used to visit made this one look like a kindergarten class.

I think that there are some here that converse intelligently, and others are only here because they can say whatever they want to and be subjected to "political correctness"......lol.

Then there are some here who actually harbor the belief that they are the victims of rampant anti white discrimination.

And that I have to laugh at, having seen REAL discrimination, up to and including separate and UNEQUAL access to anything and everything.

I've been in some of those too. And they are all republicans who talk about how democrats are the racists.

That false narrative has been circulated for decades. It is a documented fact that many former democrats(mainly Southern) exited the democratic party in the 1960's to become republicans.

There are some loons here that will swear to you that the Southern Strategy was a hoax and never happened.

True but unfortunately for them we were alive and saw how whites reacted to Dr. King and the civil rights movement In person. They fool children like Kanye, but we veterans know the truth.

Unfortunately for YOU, we can read a calendar and see that it's not the 1960s any more, so we can see the difference between the truth then and the truth now.

 

[Cecilie1200]

I'm just saying that technically, the law provided blacks with the right to vote.

The problem though is that laws don't prevent people from violating them, they generally just outline what is unlawful and the penalty for their violation.

This is another example of the disparity in U.S. society, due to race (aka racism) that adversely and often violently impacted black Americans (Race and Voting - Constitutional Rights Foundation)

Race and Voting in the Segregated South
After returning home from World War II, veteran Medgar Evers decided to vote in a Mississippi election. But when he and some other black ex-servicemen attempted to vote, a white mob stopped them. "All we wanted to be was ordinary citizens," Evers later related. "We fought during the war for America, Mississippi included. Now, after the Germans and Japanese hadn't killed us, it looked as though the white Mississippians would. . . ."

The most basic right of a citizen in a democracy is the right to vote. Without this right, people can be easily ignored and even abused by their government. This, in fact, is what happened to African American citizens living in the South following Civil War Reconstruction. Despite the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing the civil rights of black Americans, their right to vote was systematically taken away by white supremacist state governments.

Voting During Reconstruction
After the Civil War, Congress acted to prevent Southerners from re-establishing white supremacy. In 1867, the Radical Republicans in Congress imposed federal military rule over most of the South. Under U.S. Army occupation, the former Confederate states wrote new constitutions and were readmitted to the Union, but only after ratifying the 14th Amendment. This Reconstruction amendment prohibited states from denying "the equal protection of the laws" to U.S. citizens, which included the former slaves.

In 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified. It stated that, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

More than a half-million black men became voters in the South during the 1870s (women did not secure the right to vote in the United States until 1920). For the most part, these new black voters cast their ballots solidly for the Republican Party, the party of the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln.

When Mississippi rejoined the Union in 1870, former slaves made up more than half of that state's population. During the next decade, Mississippi sent two black U.S. senators to Washington and elected a number of black state officials, including a lieutenant governor. But even though the new black citizens voted freely and in large numbers, whites were still elected to a large majority of state and local offices. This was the pattern in most of the Southern states during Reconstruction.

The Republican-controlled state governments in the South were hardly perfect. Many citizens complained about overtaxation and outright corruption. But these governments brought about significant improvements in the lives of the former slaves. For the first time, black men and women enjoyed freedom of speech and movement, the right of a fair trial, education for their children, and all the other privileges and protections of American citizenship. But all this changed when Reconstruction ended in 1877 and federal troops withdrew from the old Confederacy.

Voting in Mississippi
With federal troops no longer present to protect the rights of black citizens, white supremacy quickly returned to the old Confederate states. Black voting fell off sharply in most areas because of threats by white employers and violence from the Ku Klux Klan, a ruthless secret organization bent on preserving white supremacy at all costs.

White majorities began to vote out the Republicans and replace them with Democratic governors, legislators, and local officials. Laws were soon passed banning interracial marriages and racially segregating railroad cars along with the public schools.

Laws and practices were also put in place to make sure blacks would never again freely participate in elections. But one problem stood in the way of denying African Americans the right to vote: the 15th Amendment, which guaranteed them this right. To a great extent, Mississippi led the way in overcoming the barrier presented by the 15th Amendment.

In 1890, Mississippi held a convention to write a new state constitution to replace the one in force since Reconstruction. The white leaders of the convention were clear about their intentions. "We came here to exclude the Negro," declared the convention president. Because of the 15th Amendment, they could not ban blacks from voting. Instead, they wrote into the state constitution a number of voter restrictions making it difficult for most blacks to register to vote.

First, the new constitution required an annual poll tax, which voters had to pay for two years before the election. This was a difficult economic burden to place on black Mississippians, who made up the poorest part of the state's population. Many simply couldn't pay it.

But the most formidable voting barrier put into the state constitution was the literacy test. It required a person seeking to register to vote to read a section of the state constitution and explain it to the county clerk who processed voter registrations. This clerk, who was always white, decided whether a citizen was literate or not.

The literacy test did not just exclude the 60 percent of voting-age black men (most of them ex-slaves) who could not read. It excluded almost all black men, because the clerk would select complicated technical passages for them to interpret. By contrast, the clerk would pass whites by picking simple sentences in the state constitution for them to explain.

Mississippi also enacted a "grandfather clause" that permitted registering anyone whose grandfather was qualified to vote before the Civil War. Obviously, this benefited only white citizens. The "grandfather clause" as well as the other legal barriers to black voter registration worked. Mississippi cut the percentage of black voting-age men registered to vote from over 90 percent during Reconstruction to less than 6 percent in 1892. These measures were copied by most of the other states in the South.

Other Forms of Voter Discrimination
By the turn of the century, the white Southern Democratic Party held nearly all elected offices in the former Confederate states. The Southern Republican Party, mostly made up of blacks, barely existed and rarely even ran candidates against the Democrats. As a result, the real political contests took place within the Democratic Party primary elections. Whoever won the Democratic primary was just about guaranteed victory in the general election.

In 1902, Mississippi passed a law that declared political parties to be private organizations outside the authority of the 15th Amendment. This permitted the Mississippi Democratic Party to exclude black citizens from membership and participation in its primaries. The "white primary," which was soon imitated in most other Southern states, effectively prevented the small number of blacks registered to vote from having any say in who got elected to partisan offices--from the local sheriff to the governor and members of Congress.

When poll taxes, literacy tests, "grandfather clauses," and "white primaries" did not stop blacks from registering and voting, intimidation often did the job. An African-American citizen attempting to exercise his right to vote would often be threatened with losing his job. Denial of credit, threats of eviction, and verbal abuse by white voting clerks also prevented black Southerners from voting. When all else failed, mob violence and even lynching kept black people away from the ballot box.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965
As a result of intimidation, violence, and racial discrimination in state voting laws, a mere 3 percent of voting-age black men and women in the South were registered to vote in 1940. In Mississippi, under 1 percent were registered. Most blacks who did vote lived in the larger cities of the South.

By not having the power of the ballot, African Americans in the South had little influence in their communities. They did not hold elected offices. They had no say in how much their taxes would be or what laws would be passed. They had little, if any, control over local police, courts, or public schools. They, in effect, were denied their rights as citizens.

Attempts to change this situation were met with animosity and outright violence. But in the 1950s, the civil rights movement developed. Facing enormous hostility, black people in the South organized to demand their rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. They launched voter registration drives in many Southern communities.

In the early 1960s, black and white protesters, called Freedom Riders, came from the North to join in demonstrations throughout the South. In some places, crowds attacked them while white police officers looked on.

Medgar Evers, the black veteran stopped by a white mob from voting, became a civil rights leader in his native Mississippi. Because of his civil rights activities, he was shot and killed in front of his home by a white segregationist in 1963.

But through the efforts of local civil rights leaders like Medgar Evers and other Americans, about 43 percent of adult black men and women were registered to vote in the South by 1964. That same year, the 24th Amendment was ratified. It outlawed poll taxes in federal elections. (The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled that all poll taxes are unconstitutional.)

White supremacists, however, still fiercely resisted voting by African Americans. Black voter registration in Alabama was only 23 percent, while in neighboring Mississippi less than 7 percent of voting-age blacks were registered.

A major event in the civil rights movement soon brought an end to voting discrimination. Early in 1965, a county sheriff clamped down on a black voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama. Deputies arrested and jailed protesting black teachers and 800 schoolchildren. The leaders of the voter registration drive decided to organize a protest march from Selma to Montgomery, the capital of Alabama.

On March 7, 1965, about 600 black and white civil rights protesters passed through Selma and began to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge spanning the Alabama River. They were met on the other side by a large force of Alabama state troopers, who ordered the marchers to return to Selma. When the marchers refused to turn back, the troopers attacked, some on horseback, knocking down people and beating them with clubs. This was all filmed by TV news cameras and shown that evening to a shocked American public.

The Selma march pushed the federal government to pass legislation to enforce the right of black citizens to vote. A few days after the violence at Selma, President Lyndon Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before a joint session of Congress. Johnson declared, "it is not just Negroes, but it's really all of us who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice."

The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Johnson on August 6, 1965, suspended literacy and other tests in counties and states showing evidence of voter discrimination. These counties and states also were prohibited from creating new voter requirements that denied citizens their right to vote. Moreover, in the areas covered by the act, federal examiners replaced local clerks in registering voters.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended the practices that had denied African Americans the right to vote in Southern states. Registration of black voters in the South jumped from 43 percent in 1964 to 66 percent by the end of the decade. This represented an increase of more than a million new African American voters who could finally claim their right to vote.​

And you think you are telling us WHAT that's either a great newsflash, or of relevance today?

 

[Cecilie1200]

He thinks the entire white race owes reparations

The government is the entity that makes reparations, we've already covered this.

Neither the white people alive today, nor the government on their behalf, owes any reparations in this case.

I hope that makes it completely clear.

 

[Cecilie1200]

LMAO. This so called "moron" certainly has you putting forth a lot of effort to defend yourself.

Not only that but all they spend their time doing is picking apart what others have stated instead of offering anything in support of their own positions. They have nothing of substance to offer to defend the position that they've taken up, will attempt to confine the debate to a narrow subset that they feel they can make points on while completely ignoring the overall picture of the disparate impact that these laws have had on people of African descent.

And the double standard is on glaring display here as well. It takes how many of them to try and defend their position against just IM2 and you?

Actually, that only takes one of us. The fact that the others can't stand to watch lying and bullshit go past without commenting doesn't mean it's REQUIRED.

FYI, just so you know, "nothing of substance to offer to defend the position" is not defined as "I will NEVER accept any proof, no matter what it is, that contradicts what I want to believe."

 

[Cecilie1200]

Someone should let this cat IM2 know that white students were victims of reverse racism when they were forced to go to the majority black schools during the civil rights movement or act that forced that to happen.

Many whites actually dropped out of school during the time period all due to not wanting to be subjected to the racism they were to face at these schools when forced to go there as students. They became pawns in a government experiment to then stop racism or to stop the separation of whites and blacks in all things government where government was in control.

This was one of the areas where whites made more sacrifices in the struggle, whether it was sacrificing their educations to keep from being abused or sticking it out because they actually believed that the experiment could work, and it did work as they also gave sacrifice in the situation to make sure that it did.

Whites and blacks suffered greatly during the period of transformation, and to suggest that no whites suffered is a testiment that some people are either liars or just ignorant as to the entire situation that took place back then.

I was bused to a predominately white school during that era, and I do not have fond memories of it. A number of black students that were sent there dropped out, and one even committed suicide.

My parents marched in the civil rights movement and endured all of the abuse that other protesters did, and then some.

Speaking for myself, everyone made sacrifices during that era.

Including whites... Someone tell the ignorant IM2 that please.

Many whites including the ones down in Mississippi sacrificed their lives for the black struggle, and to negate that fact like IM2 does here flies into the face of all who sacrificed or we're sacrificed upon the alter of civil rights be it black or white who believed that all men are created equal, and were endowed by their creator etc.

I said, "speaking for myself, everyone sacrificed"..that includes everyone who was impacted in some way, in spite of their race.

I know you don't need me to speak for you so I won't. What I will say is that am tired of these white people here who have chosen to diminish what we have endured in every instance to make claims of how whites have suffered and how we need to be grateful to them as the small numbers of whites who worked with blacks are the exclusive reason why we got freedom or civil rights.

Seems like you are tired of white people, period!

Not nearly as tired as virtually EVERY person is of him.

 

[Cecilie1200]

I'm just saying that technically, the law provided blacks with the right to vote.

The problem though is that laws don't prevent people from violating them, they generally just outline what is unlawful and the penalty for their violation.

This is another example of the disparity in U.S. society, due to race (aka racism) that adversely and often violently impacted black Americans (Race and Voting - Constitutional Rights Foundation)

Race and Voting in the Segregated South
After returning home from World War II, veteran Medgar Evers decided to vote in a Mississippi election. But when he and some other black ex-servicemen attempted to vote, a white mob stopped them. "All we wanted to be was ordinary citizens," Evers later related. "We fought during the war for America, Mississippi included. Now, after the Germans and Japanese hadn't killed us, it looked as though the white Mississippians would. . . ."

The most basic right of a citizen in a democracy is the right to vote. Without this right, people can be easily ignored and even abused by their government. This, in fact, is what happened to African American citizens living in the South following Civil War Reconstruction. Despite the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing the civil rights of black Americans, their right to vote was systematically taken away by white supremacist state governments.

Voting During Reconstruction
After the Civil War, Congress acted to prevent Southerners from re-establishing white supremacy. In 1867, the Radical Republicans in Congress imposed federal military rule over most of the South. Under U.S. Army occupation, the former Confederate states wrote new constitutions and were readmitted to the Union, but only after ratifying the 14th Amendment. This Reconstruction amendment prohibited states from denying "the equal protection of the laws" to U.S. citizens, which included the former slaves.

In 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified. It stated that, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

More than a half-million black men became voters in the South during the 1870s (women did not secure the right to vote in the United States until 1920). For the most part, these new black voters cast their ballots solidly for the Republican Party, the party of the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln.

When Mississippi rejoined the Union in 1870, former slaves made up more than half of that state's population. During the next decade, Mississippi sent two black U.S. senators to Washington and elected a number of black state officials, including a lieutenant governor. But even though the new black citizens voted freely and in large numbers, whites were still elected to a large majority of state and local offices. This was the pattern in most of the Southern states during Reconstruction.

The Republican-controlled state governments in the South were hardly perfect. Many citizens complained about overtaxation and outright corruption. But these governments brought about significant improvements in the lives of the former slaves. For the first time, black men and women enjoyed freedom of speech and movement, the right of a fair trial, education for their children, and all the other privileges and protections of American citizenship. But all this changed when Reconstruction ended in 1877 and federal troops withdrew from the old Confederacy.

Voting in Mississippi
With federal troops no longer present to protect the rights of black citizens, white supremacy quickly returned to the old Confederate states. Black voting fell off sharply in most areas because of threats by white employers and violence from the Ku Klux Klan, a ruthless secret organization bent on preserving white supremacy at all costs.

White majorities began to vote out the Republicans and replace them with Democratic governors, legislators, and local officials. Laws were soon passed banning interracial marriages and racially segregating railroad cars along with the public schools.

Laws and practices were also put in place to make sure blacks would never again freely participate in elections. But one problem stood in the way of denying African Americans the right to vote: the 15th Amendment, which guaranteed them this right. To a great extent, Mississippi led the way in overcoming the barrier presented by the 15th Amendment.

In 1890, Mississippi held a convention to write a new state constitution to replace the one in force since Reconstruction. The white leaders of the convention were clear about their intentions. "We came here to exclude the Negro," declared the convention president. Because of the 15th Amendment, they could not ban blacks from voting. Instead, they wrote into the state constitution a number of voter restrictions making it difficult for most blacks to register to vote.

First, the new constitution required an annual poll tax, which voters had to pay for two years before the election. This was a difficult economic burden to place on black Mississippians, who made up the poorest part of the state's population. Many simply couldn't pay it.

But the most formidable voting barrier put into the state constitution was the literacy test. It required a person seeking to register to vote to read a section of the state constitution and explain it to the county clerk who processed voter registrations. This clerk, who was always white, decided whether a citizen was literate or not.

The literacy test did not just exclude the 60 percent of voting-age black men (most of them ex-slaves) who could not read. It excluded almost all black men, because the clerk would select complicated technical passages for them to interpret. By contrast, the clerk would pass whites by picking simple sentences in the state constitution for them to explain.

Mississippi also enacted a "grandfather clause" that permitted registering anyone whose grandfather was qualified to vote before the Civil War. Obviously, this benefited only white citizens. The "grandfather clause" as well as the other legal barriers to black voter registration worked. Mississippi cut the percentage of black voting-age men registered to vote from over 90 percent during Reconstruction to less than 6 percent in 1892. These measures were copied by most of the other states in the South.

Other Forms of Voter Discrimination
By the turn of the century, the white Southern Democratic Party held nearly all elected offices in the former Confederate states. The Southern Republican Party, mostly made up of blacks, barely existed and rarely even ran candidates against the Democrats. As a result, the real political contests took place within the Democratic Party primary elections. Whoever won the Democratic primary was just about guaranteed victory in the general election.

In 1902, Mississippi passed a law that declared political parties to be private organizations outside the authority of the 15th Amendment. This permitted the Mississippi Democratic Party to exclude black citizens from membership and participation in its primaries. The "white primary," which was soon imitated in most other Southern states, effectively prevented the small number of blacks registered to vote from having any say in who got elected to partisan offices--from the local sheriff to the governor and members of Congress.

When poll taxes, literacy tests, "grandfather clauses," and "white primaries" did not stop blacks from registering and voting, intimidation often did the job. An African-American citizen attempting to exercise his right to vote would often be threatened with losing his job. Denial of credit, threats of eviction, and verbal abuse by white voting clerks also prevented black Southerners from voting. When all else failed, mob violence and even lynching kept black people away from the ballot box.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965
As a result of intimidation, violence, and racial discrimination in state voting laws, a mere 3 percent of voting-age black men and women in the South were registered to vote in 1940. In Mississippi, under 1 percent were registered. Most blacks who did vote lived in the larger cities of the South.

By not having the power of the ballot, African Americans in the South had little influence in their communities. They did not hold elected offices. They had no say in how much their taxes would be or what laws would be passed. They had little, if any, control over local police, courts, or public schools. They, in effect, were denied their rights as citizens.

Attempts to change this situation were met with animosity and outright violence. But in the 1950s, the civil rights movement developed. Facing enormous hostility, black people in the South organized to demand their rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. They launched voter registration drives in many Southern communities.

In the early 1960s, black and white protesters, called Freedom Riders, came from the North to join in demonstrations throughout the South. In some places, crowds attacked them while white police officers looked on.

Medgar Evers, the black veteran stopped by a white mob from voting, became a civil rights leader in his native Mississippi. Because of his civil rights activities, he was shot and killed in front of his home by a white segregationist in 1963.

But through the efforts of local civil rights leaders like Medgar Evers and other Americans, about 43 percent of adult black men and women were registered to vote in the South by 1964. That same year, the 24th Amendment was ratified. It outlawed poll taxes in federal elections. (The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled that all poll taxes are unconstitutional.)

White supremacists, however, still fiercely resisted voting by African Americans. Black voter registration in Alabama was only 23 percent, while in neighboring Mississippi less than 7 percent of voting-age blacks were registered.

A major event in the civil rights movement soon brought an end to voting discrimination. Early in 1965, a county sheriff clamped down on a black voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama. Deputies arrested and jailed protesting black teachers and 800 schoolchildren. The leaders of the voter registration drive decided to organize a protest march from Selma to Montgomery, the capital of Alabama.

On March 7, 1965, about 600 black and white civil rights protesters passed through Selma and began to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge spanning the Alabama River. They were met on the other side by a large force of Alabama state troopers, who ordered the marchers to return to Selma. When the marchers refused to turn back, the troopers attacked, some on horseback, knocking down people and beating them with clubs. This was all filmed by TV news cameras and shown that evening to a shocked American public.

The Selma march pushed the federal government to pass legislation to enforce the right of black citizens to vote. A few days after the violence at Selma, President Lyndon Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before a joint session of Congress. Johnson declared, "it is not just Negroes, but it's really all of us who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice."

The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Johnson on August 6, 1965, suspended literacy and other tests in counties and states showing evidence of voter discrimination. These counties and states also were prohibited from creating new voter requirements that denied citizens their right to vote. Moreover, in the areas covered by the act, federal examiners replaced local clerks in registering voters.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended the practices that had denied African Americans the right to vote in Southern states. Registration of black voters in the South jumped from 43 percent in 1964 to 66 percent by the end of the decade. This represented an increase of more than a million new African American voters who could finally claim their right to vote.​

Good lawdy... Anyone reading these books ?? How did this turn into a right to vote thread ?? Did the original opt finally get an answer ?

I'd say the swarm of leftists who descended to tell us how "racist" we are for not pretending that it's still 1960 pretty much answered the OP, yeah.

 

[Cecilie1200]

I've heard from prisoners in several states and there's no way they know each other. People in prison (regardless of their former political affiliations) agree that blacks are the most racist people on the planet.

LOL that's really funny.

So you won't take the word or life experiences of African Americans who are educated, worldly and not incarcerated but you'll take the word of white Americans who may or may not be as educated or worldly as your opponents but who are incarcerated as if the word of that segment of society is gospel?

And this is from the person who had to resort to the "black people like him are a danger to society and our national security" bullshit fallback position to attempt to neutralize a superior opponent, and the superiority I'm referring to has nothing to do with race. They are better informed, more knowledgeable of the subject matter, are better able to present and cite their statements and pretty much just better at this than their opponents, whether you like their delivery or not. This generally comes from having lived a situation or being a student and working in a particular field as opposed to parroting talking head points and just mindlessly repeating what you have heard others state.

A lot of erroneous assumptions were made about your opponents and as far as myself, no one who knew what they were doing would have continuously attempted to insult me by calling me a liberal when I use Glock's Perfection logo as my avatar. You all assumed that we were uneducated, unemployed, poverty-stricken individuals who have achieved nothing of note in our lives but failure and that we blame the ENTIRE white race for our stations in life, some of which are envied. And you think this makes sense?

From the op.


"Among black Americans, 31% think most blacks are racist, while 24% consider most whites racist and 15% view most Hispanics that way."

The op doesn't tell you the poll was done with 1500 people. .

Yeah, and what YOU don't tell anyone is that that's considered a standard sample for a political opinion poll.

"There are about 200 million adult or voting age Americans. But the average poll has a sample size of 1,000 adults."
FAQs | NCPP - National Council on Public Polls

 

[IM2]

.So t me play your game with you.

Congress voted in 2006 to extend the black right to vote for 25 more yeas. So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does provisions of white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

They voted in 2006 to extend the protective provisions, not the black right to vote. The right to vote for minorities was never up for renewal.

So they did vote to renew the right for blacks to vote. What the fuck do you think those protective provisions were for you stupid fucker? Without those we do not fucking vote! Damn, why in fuck do you bastards chose to play these fucked up games. Either be mother fucking men or women about this or shut the fuck up. The question for every white person here is this:

So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

Yes, "the right to vote was never up for renewal" EXACTLY means "the right to vote was up for renewal". You are so fucking clever to have figured out how SAYING THE EXACT OPPOSITE was somehow saying what you wanted to hear.

So can one of you LYING LEFTIST BIGOTS explain why we're supposed to give a tin shit about "racism" that doesn't actually exist except in your imagination?

Our right to vote was up for renewal. Period.

No, it was not. Why do you keep saying this? It's already been explained to you that the provisions were up for renewal, not the right to vote. And the provisions do not provide the black right to vote nor is the black right to vote contingent upon the provisions being in effect. As already mentioned, the provisions only provided protections against unfair literacy tests and whatnot.

If they did away with the provisions today, blacks would still have the right to vote. And even if certain state and local governments imposed literacy tests and the like, it would be pointless since, as far as I know, blacks are just as literate as whites anyway.

And like I said, it was. When the voting rights act was signed the president at that time said blacks we denied the right to vote based on race. The bill wasn't called the voting rights act because blacks had the right to vote. So please stop playing games with semantics ad recognize that just because the 15th amendment existed it meant we had the right to vote. How dumb are you guys? Maybe for whites a law gets made and you get the rights in that law, but that isn't how it works for us. Besides the point was that whites never had face anything like this in regards to your right to vote.

 

[IM2]

I've heard from prisoners in several states and there's no way they know each other. People in prison (regardless of their former political affiliations) agree that blacks are the most racist people on the planet.

LOL that's really funny.

So you won't take the word or life experiences of African Americans who are educated, worldly and not incarcerated but you'll take the word of white Americans who may or may not be as educated or worldly as your opponents but who are incarcerated as if the word of that segment of society is gospel?

And this is from the person who had to resort to the "black people like him are a danger to society and our national security" bullshit fallback position to attempt to neutralize a superior opponent, and the superiority I'm referring to has nothing to do with race. They are better informed, more knowledgeable of the subject matter, are better able to present and cite their statements and pretty much just better at this than their opponents, whether you like their delivery or not. This generally comes from having lived a situation or being a student and working in a particular field as opposed to parroting talking head points and just mindlessly repeating what you have heard others state.

A lot of erroneous assumptions were made about your opponents and as far as myself, no one who knew what they were doing would have continuously attempted to insult me by calling me a liberal when I use Glock's Perfection logo as my avatar. You all assumed that we were uneducated, unemployed, poverty-stricken individuals who have achieved nothing of note in our lives but failure and that we blame the ENTIRE white race for our stations in life, some of which are envied. And you think this makes sense?

From the op.


"Among black Americans, 31% think most blacks are racist, while 24% consider most whites racist and 15% view most Hispanics that way."

The op doesn't tell you the poll was done with 1500 people. .

Yeah, and what YOU don't tell anyone is that that's considered a standard sample for a political opinion poll.

"There are about 200 million adult or voting age Americans. But the average poll has a sample size of 1,000 adults."
FAQs | NCPP - National Council on Public Polls

So? I don't cite or use polls to determine anything. Whites have a 241 year minimum track record of racism . Blacks have done nothing close.

 

[Cecilie1200]

.So t me play your game with you.

Congress voted in 2006 to extend the black right to vote for 25 more yeas. So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does provisions of white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

They voted in 2006 to extend the protective provisions, not the black right to vote. The right to vote for minorities was never up for renewal.

So they did vote to renew the right for blacks to vote. What the fuck do you think those protective provisions were for you stupid fucker? Without those we do not fucking vote! Damn, why in fuck do you bastards chose to play these fucked up games. Either be mother fucking men or women about this or shut the fuck up. The question for every white person here is this:

So can one of you good republican conservative non racist whites facing the same racism as blacks explain to me when does white peoples right to vote come before congress for renewal?

Yes, "the right to vote was never up for renewal" EXACTLY means "the right to vote was up for renewal". You are so fucking clever to have figured out how SAYING THE EXACT OPPOSITE was somehow saying what you wanted to hear.

So can one of you LYING LEFTIST BIGOTS explain why we're supposed to give a tin shit about "racism" that doesn't actually exist except in your imagination?

Our right to vote was up for renewal. Period. The fact you don't want to face, is the right of whites to vote or any provisions around that right never goes to congress for a vote to renew.

Prove when racism ended and its effects were allayed. Show, with data and peer-reviewed studies supporting your argument, when the effects of the hundreds of years of anti-Black racism from chattel slavery through Old Jim Crow leveled off. Show when the wealth expropriated during that oppression was repaid to those it was expropriated from and through. And remember, after you’ve addressed the end of anti-Black racism you’ll still have to explain when anti-Latinx, anti-Asian, anti-Arab, and anti-Native racism came to an end as well.

Since this is all imaginary you should be able to produce the proper documentation hat shows when racism ended. But you see Cecile, the problem here is that you and others claim blacks are more racist than whites. So how could that be if it's imaginary?

You're an amateur Cecile.

Your right to vote was NEVER "up for renewal". THAT is a fact. That is a fact that was stated by multiple black political leaders at the time. But THAT doesn't allow you to feel put-down and abused and oppressed, does it? And your desire to blame others for your shit life is the only "fact" you're interested in.

Every time you belligerently state that "our right to vote was up for renewal" is a BALD-FACED, RACIST LIE. That is another fact.

The fact you don't want to face is that you're not being targeted by some big, shadowy conspiracy of eeeeevil white people trying to keep you down, because you're too much of a meaningless failure for white people, or anyone else, to give that much of a shit about.

FACT: voting rights never came up for renewal.

FACT: any conversation based on any assumption otherwise will not be taking place.

FACT: You can shove your demands up your ass, right along with your pathetic butthurt over things that were done to people who died before you were born, RACIST.

 

[IM2]

I'm just saying that technically, the law provided blacks with the right to vote.

The problem though is that laws don't prevent people from violating them, they generally just outline what is unlawful and the penalty for their violation.

This is another example of the disparity in U.S. society, due to race (aka racism) that adversely and often violently impacted black Americans (Race and Voting - Constitutional Rights Foundation)

Race and Voting in the Segregated South
After returning home from World War II, veteran Medgar Evers decided to vote in a Mississippi election. But when he and some other black ex-servicemen attempted to vote, a white mob stopped them. "All we wanted to be was ordinary citizens," Evers later related. "We fought during the war for America, Mississippi included. Now, after the Germans and Japanese hadn't killed us, it looked as though the white Mississippians would. . . ."

The most basic right of a citizen in a democracy is the right to vote. Without this right, people can be easily ignored and even abused by their government. This, in fact, is what happened to African American citizens living in the South following Civil War Reconstruction. Despite the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing the civil rights of black Americans, their right to vote was systematically taken away by white supremacist state governments.

Voting During Reconstruction
After the Civil War, Congress acted to prevent Southerners from re-establishing white supremacy. In 1867, the Radical Republicans in Congress imposed federal military rule over most of the South. Under U.S. Army occupation, the former Confederate states wrote new constitutions and were readmitted to the Union, but only after ratifying the 14th Amendment. This Reconstruction amendment prohibited states from denying "the equal protection of the laws" to U.S. citizens, which included the former slaves.

In 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified. It stated that, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

More than a half-million black men became voters in the South during the 1870s (women did not secure the right to vote in the United States until 1920). For the most part, these new black voters cast their ballots solidly for the Republican Party, the party of the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln.

When Mississippi rejoined the Union in 1870, former slaves made up more than half of that state's population. During the next decade, Mississippi sent two black U.S. senators to Washington and elected a number of black state officials, including a lieutenant governor. But even though the new black citizens voted freely and in large numbers, whites were still elected to a large majority of state and local offices. This was the pattern in most of the Southern states during Reconstruction.

The Republican-controlled state governments in the South were hardly perfect. Many citizens complained about overtaxation and outright corruption. But these governments brought about significant improvements in the lives of the former slaves. For the first time, black men and women enjoyed freedom of speech and movement, the right of a fair trial, education for their children, and all the other privileges and protections of American citizenship. But all this changed when Reconstruction ended in 1877 and federal troops withdrew from the old Confederacy.

Voting in Mississippi
With federal troops no longer present to protect the rights of black citizens, white supremacy quickly returned to the old Confederate states. Black voting fell off sharply in most areas because of threats by white employers and violence from the Ku Klux Klan, a ruthless secret organization bent on preserving white supremacy at all costs.

White majorities began to vote out the Republicans and replace them with Democratic governors, legislators, and local officials. Laws were soon passed banning interracial marriages and racially segregating railroad cars along with the public schools.

Laws and practices were also put in place to make sure blacks would never again freely participate in elections. But one problem stood in the way of denying African Americans the right to vote: the 15th Amendment, which guaranteed them this right. To a great extent, Mississippi led the way in overcoming the barrier presented by the 15th Amendment.

In 1890, Mississippi held a convention to write a new state constitution to replace the one in force since Reconstruction. The white leaders of the convention were clear about their intentions. "We came here to exclude the Negro," declared the convention president. Because of the 15th Amendment, they could not ban blacks from voting. Instead, they wrote into the state constitution a number of voter restrictions making it difficult for most blacks to register to vote.

First, the new constitution required an annual poll tax, which voters had to pay for two years before the election. This was a difficult economic burden to place on black Mississippians, who made up the poorest part of the state's population. Many simply couldn't pay it.

But the most formidable voting barrier put into the state constitution was the literacy test. It required a person seeking to register to vote to read a section of the state constitution and explain it to the county clerk who processed voter registrations. This clerk, who was always white, decided whether a citizen was literate or not.

The literacy test did not just exclude the 60 percent of voting-age black men (most of them ex-slaves) who could not read. It excluded almost all black men, because the clerk would select complicated technical passages for them to interpret. By contrast, the clerk would pass whites by picking simple sentences in the state constitution for them to explain.

Mississippi also enacted a "grandfather clause" that permitted registering anyone whose grandfather was qualified to vote before the Civil War. Obviously, this benefited only white citizens. The "grandfather clause" as well as the other legal barriers to black voter registration worked. Mississippi cut the percentage of black voting-age men registered to vote from over 90 percent during Reconstruction to less than 6 percent in 1892. These measures were copied by most of the other states in the South.

Other Forms of Voter Discrimination
By the turn of the century, the white Southern Democratic Party held nearly all elected offices in the former Confederate states. The Southern Republican Party, mostly made up of blacks, barely existed and rarely even ran candidates against the Democrats. As a result, the real political contests took place within the Democratic Party primary elections. Whoever won the Democratic primary was just about guaranteed victory in the general election.

In 1902, Mississippi passed a law that declared political parties to be private organizations outside the authority of the 15th Amendment. This permitted the Mississippi Democratic Party to exclude black citizens from membership and participation in its primaries. The "white primary," which was soon imitated in most other Southern states, effectively prevented the small number of blacks registered to vote from having any say in who got elected to partisan offices--from the local sheriff to the governor and members of Congress.

When poll taxes, literacy tests, "grandfather clauses," and "white primaries" did not stop blacks from registering and voting, intimidation often did the job. An African-American citizen attempting to exercise his right to vote would often be threatened with losing his job. Denial of credit, threats of eviction, and verbal abuse by white voting clerks also prevented black Southerners from voting. When all else failed, mob violence and even lynching kept black people away from the ballot box.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965
As a result of intimidation, violence, and racial discrimination in state voting laws, a mere 3 percent of voting-age black men and women in the South were registered to vote in 1940. In Mississippi, under 1 percent were registered. Most blacks who did vote lived in the larger cities of the South.

By not having the power of the ballot, African Americans in the South had little influence in their communities. They did not hold elected offices. They had no say in how much their taxes would be or what laws would be passed. They had little, if any, control over local police, courts, or public schools. They, in effect, were denied their rights as citizens.

Attempts to change this situation were met with animosity and outright violence. But in the 1950s, the civil rights movement developed. Facing enormous hostility, black people in the South organized to demand their rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. They launched voter registration drives in many Southern communities.

In the early 1960s, black and white protesters, called Freedom Riders, came from the North to join in demonstrations throughout the South. In some places, crowds attacked them while white police officers looked on.

Medgar Evers, the black veteran stopped by a white mob from voting, became a civil rights leader in his native Mississippi. Because of his civil rights activities, he was shot and killed in front of his home by a white segregationist in 1963.

But through the efforts of local civil rights leaders like Medgar Evers and other Americans, about 43 percent of adult black men and women were registered to vote in the South by 1964. That same year, the 24th Amendment was ratified. It outlawed poll taxes in federal elections. (The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled that all poll taxes are unconstitutional.)

White supremacists, however, still fiercely resisted voting by African Americans. Black voter registration in Alabama was only 23 percent, while in neighboring Mississippi less than 7 percent of voting-age blacks were registered.

A major event in the civil rights movement soon brought an end to voting discrimination. Early in 1965, a county sheriff clamped down on a black voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama. Deputies arrested and jailed protesting black teachers and 800 schoolchildren. The leaders of the voter registration drive decided to organize a protest march from Selma to Montgomery, the capital of Alabama.

On March 7, 1965, about 600 black and white civil rights protesters passed through Selma and began to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge spanning the Alabama River. They were met on the other side by a large force of Alabama state troopers, who ordered the marchers to return to Selma. When the marchers refused to turn back, the troopers attacked, some on horseback, knocking down people and beating them with clubs. This was all filmed by TV news cameras and shown that evening to a shocked American public.

The Selma march pushed the federal government to pass legislation to enforce the right of black citizens to vote. A few days after the violence at Selma, President Lyndon Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before a joint session of Congress. Johnson declared, "it is not just Negroes, but it's really all of us who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice."

The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Johnson on August 6, 1965, suspended literacy and other tests in counties and states showing evidence of voter discrimination. These counties and states also were prohibited from creating new voter requirements that denied citizens their right to vote. Moreover, in the areas covered by the act, federal examiners replaced local clerks in registering voters.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended the practices that had denied African Americans the right to vote in Southern states. Registration of black voters in the South jumped from 43 percent in 1964 to 66 percent by the end of the decade. This represented an increase of more than a million new African American voters who could finally claim their right to vote.​

Good lawdy... Anyone reading these books ?? How did this turn into a right to vote thread ?? Did the original opt finally get an answer ?

I'd say the swarm of leftists who descended to tell us how "racist" we are for not pretending that it's still 1960 pretty much answered the OP, yeah.

And that's the problem. We look in forums like this in 2018 and see the same racist attitudes that have always existed among whites.