Easy: selection. Selection by physical laws. More stable models persist.
I told Frank he has to think like a chemist. What do chemists care about? Formulas. And orbitals - as they pertain to "reaction mechanisms".
So two new words for today:
"
montmorillonite" is a clay. Its actual formula is
Na0.2Ca0.1Al2Si4O10(OH)2(H2O)10
Google it, and find out why it's important for biophysical evolution.
"
stromatolites" are the world's oldest known fossils. They go back 3.5 billion years.
What else do you find around stromatolites? Here's a hint:
Stromatolites, organosedimentary structures formed by microbial activity, are found throughout the geological record and are important markers of biological history. More conspicuous in the past, stromatolites occur today in a few shallow marine environments, including Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
"Approximately 10% of the sequences were most closely related to those of alpha-proteobacterial anoxygenic phototrophs."
phototroph = derives energy from sunlight (like many plants, except this is a microbe)
anoxygenic - doesn't use or emit oxygen, doesn't need oxygen, survives well in anoxygenic conditions
Think like a chemist. What are the essentials? Lipid membranes, and sugars. Proteins and nucleos/tides. A source of energy and a way to harness it. How many of these things have we explained? ALL of them, at least in part. Here's a hint:
bio.libretexts.org
This work is laborious and takes years. It'll be a little better with some AI in the mix.
Figure: Structure of PV2 protein comprised of a reduced alphabet of mainly prebiotic amino acids
It's the shapes, and combinations of shapes, that get selected for. Some require moving parts, for example a moving arm that can shuttle protons back and forth.
If you're in the business of making proteins you often want lots of them as quickly as possible (the immune system is an example). The more you make, the more things can go wrong. So one of the little loops is going to change shape, or get bigger or smaller, and sometimes it's beneficial and sometimes it isn't.
There are formulas for how many loops can occur and what form they would take. You can use the intensely painful math called "perturbation theory" to chart changes and trajectories.
So
phototrophs have a light sensitive subsequence. Think of it like chlorophyll, or a rhodopsin pigment in the retina. It's a quantum mechanism, light (a photon) is interacting with the pigment to create energy. Energy comes in the form of electrons being moved from one place to another.
However direct phototrophy is slow and somewhat inefficient, you only get one electron for one photon, as distinct from say, six at a time.
Growth will always occur in the direction that benefits the organism. There are multiple layers of defense in the way of any exceptions to that rule.