This instruction (Judge Merchan's) seems contrary to Apprendi and its progeny because the “unlawful means” were necessary to elevate the falsifying crimes into a felony and any fact that increases the potential punishment must be proven unanimously beyond a reasonable doubt. That is, proof of what exactly the unlawful means was should have been proven unanimously. Under the trial judge’s instruction and theory of the law, if a person was only charged with an Election Law violation under 17-152, the jury would not need to unanimously agree as to what the specific “unlawful means” was used.The law that was broken was § 17-152.
IS THERE AN APPRENDI PROBLEM WITH THE TRUMP CONVICTION? RECENT SUPREME COURT DECISION IN ERLINGER V. UNITED STATES SUGGESTS THE ANSWER IS YES. - Tucker Arensberg, P.C.
Andrew Salemme examines potential violations of Trump’s jury trial rights under Apprendi v. United States:.
tuckerlaw.com
A finding of guilty of 17-152 requires jury unanimity on what specifically was unlawful.
