Eco-terrorism
Eco-terrorist organizations are generally grassroots organizations, do not have a hierarchal structure, and typically favor direct action approaches to their goals.[15]
Dr. Stefan Leader characterizes these groups, namely ELF, with having ‘leaderless resistance’ which he describes as “a technique by which terrorist groups can carry out violent acts while reducing the risk of infiltration by law enforcement elements. The basic principal of leaderless resistance is that there is no centralized authority or chain-of-command.”[16] Essentially this consists of independent cells which operate autonomously, sharing goals, but having no central leaders or formal organizational structure. Those who wish to join are typically encouraged to start their own cell, rather than seek out other members and jeopardize their secrecy (Leader & Probst, 2005).
Organizations that have been labeled as "eco-terrorists" in the United States include the Animal Liberation Front (ALF),[17] the Earth Liberation Front (ELF),[17] Greenpeace, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, Earth First!.[9] The Coalition to Save the Preserves.[18] and the Hardesty Avengers.[19]
Greenpeace generally protests through civil disobedience or sabotage[9] and has also been implicated (and in some cases indicted) in eco-terrorism and associated unlawful use of monies as well as anti-piracy laws concerning unlawful boarding of private vessels on the high seas.[20]
In a 2002 testimony to the US Congress, an FBI official mentioned the actions of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in the context of eco-terrorism.[21] The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society intervenes against whaling, seal hunting, and fishing operations with direct action tactics. In 1986, the group caused nearly 1.8 million dollars worth of damage to equipment used by whalers in Iceland.[9] In 1992, they attacked two Japanese ships that were drift-net fishing for squid by cutting their nets and throwing bombs on board the boats.[15]
Inspired by Edward Abbey, Earth First! began in 1980. Although the group has been credited with becoming more mainstream, its use of tree spiking during campaigns has been associated with the origins of eco-terrorism.[9][22] In 2002, a jury found that FBI agents and Oakland police officers violated constitutional rights to free speech and protection from unlawful searches of two Earth First! organizers accused of a 1990 car bombing. Authorities alleged that the bomb was in the car of one of the accused when it accidentally detonated. The pair sued investigators, alleging false arrest, illegal search, slanderous statements and conspiracy.[23]
The Earth Liberation Front, founded in 1992, joined with the Animal Liberation Front, which had its beginnings in England in 1979.[9] They have been connected primarily with arson but claim that they work to harm neither human nor animal.[9] A recent example of arson that was attributed to the ELF was in March 2008 concerning the “torching of luxury homes in the swank Seattle suburb of Woodinville".[24] A banner was left at the scene that claimed the housing development was not green, as advertised and was signed ELF.[25] In September 2009 the destruction of two radio towers in Seattle was also attributed to the ELF.[25] The FBI in 2001 named the ELF as "one of the most active extremist elements in the United States", and a "terrorist threat,"[17] although they publicly disavow harm to humans or animals.[26][27]
The Coalition to Save the Preserves was mentioned in FBI testimony as a group that was responsible for a series of arsons in Arizona. Using similar tactics to the ELF, they have caused more than $5 million in damages.[28]
Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, was an independent eco-terrorist responsible for 23 injuries and 3 deaths through letter-bombs. He called for “the overthrow of the “industrial-technological” system”.[9]
A number of "local" organizations have also been indicted under US Federal laws related to eco-terrorism. These include, among others, the group "Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty."[29]
An ALF raid removing 82 beagles and 26 rabbits from Interfauna in Cambridge on St Patrick's Night 1990.[30]
Another example is the Hardesty Avengers who spiked trees in the Hardesty Mountains in Willamette National Forest in 1984.[19]
In January 2010, Al Jazeera aired an audiotape from al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden, in which he criticizes the United States for not signing the Kyoto Protocol and accuses it of causing global warming.[31][32][33]
