I don’t want to land in the middle of this running dispute between
francoHFW and
Kruska about definitions of socialism and communism, especially in a thread supposedly about “U.S. Imperialism” … but what the hell.
I think of myself as an independent, anti-imperialist “Social Democrat,” but certainly don’t belong to any Social Democratic or “Democratic Socialist” Party.
Most casual European observers would probably categorize the U.S. Democrat Party — a capitalist party generally advocating a strong social welfare “safety net” — as the closest thing to a U.S. version of a modern “social democratic” party. Of course U.S. politics today is particularly crazy, and the Democrats have become enamored of a lot of relatively new and idiosyncratic culture-based “identity politics” that did not exist in old-fashioned “social democratic” parties.
Anyway, words like “socialist“ and “communist” and “social democratic” when applied to political parties & ideologies have changed meanings today from what they had in the past — which explains a part of the confusion. Additionally, U.S. history and politics have almost always run on different tracks and been powered by different “Third Rails” than Europe or the rest of the world.
The old Communist movement of Lenin’s “Third International” broke away from the “Second International” of (mostly Marxist) Socialist Parties during WWI, when the main leaders of the “2nd International” supported their own national capitalist ruling classes in that bloody inter-imperialist war. Before that sudden capitulation to the war pressures of “patriotism” and narrow national interests they all had naively considered themselves “fraternal” parties — “scientific socialists” fighting for a better world which working people everywhere would forge together.
During and after WWI the reformist and no longer “revolutionary” Socialist Parties joined ruling coalitions in many European capitalist countries, usually in coalition with openly capitalist parties. Having now a bit of power in government, leading “Democratic Socialists” became ever more reformist and hostile to genuine worker upheavals. At the same time they tended to defend “democracy” & democratic institutions and reforms even more than their openly capitalist counterparts. Their ideas of mixed nationalized and private economy took many forms.
In different areas and times in Europe, especially when “Socialism” seemed too closely associated with Lenin’s Bolsheviks or with Stalin’s Russia, many in the democratic and reformist working-class anti-capitalist parties gave up on using the word “Socialism” altogether, accepting that capitalism could not be replaced. They started calling themselves “Social Democrats.” Others still called themselves “Socialist” even while becoming such vehement anti-Communists that they were rightly called “CIA Socialists.”
The label “Social Democratic” had a prior history. The original revolutionary Marxist party in Russia that had contained both “Bolsheviks” (Lenin’s “Communists”) and “Mensheviks” (Socialists who opposed Lenin) called itself the “Russian Social Democratic Labour Party,” and the huge German 2nd International party also called itself “social democratic.
Today, “Communist” parties are tiny and without influence in the West. “Socialist” Parties are usually vehement supporters of democracy and work to improve and reform capitalism and maintain strong welfare state protections, while “Social Democratic” parties are fully capitalist parties that just support vaguely more democratic and socially conscious reforms.
But if we can sketch out a broad “extreme left to center left” progression from “Communist” to “Socialist” to “Social Democratic” / “Labour” parties, huge exceptions still exist in how different nations even just in Europe and the Anglo-American worlds used some or all of these party labels and how they experienced and viewed the historical parties that used them.
A big issue was always national experience, and whether these countries were colonial or imperialist powers themselves. The original idea of Marx and “scientific socialism” was profoundly
internationalist and formally
anti-imperialist, though these ideological commitments proved much harder to carry out in practice than in theory.