Because the 14th amendment was crafted to address the issue of the landmark and reportedly most infamous SCOTUS ruling in Dred Scott v Sandford which ruled as follows (it was created to address SCOTUS ruling that black people were not citizens and to make it clear that children of former slaves were considered citizens):
"The
14th Amendment was passed largely in response to the Supreme Court's infamous decision in
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Here's the context:
- Issue: Whether Dred Scott, an enslaved man who had lived in free states and territories, was a citizen of the United States and could sue for his freedom in federal court.
- Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled:
- African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in federal court.
- Congress lacked the authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories, effectively nullifying the Missouri Compromise.
- Significance: This decision not only denied citizenship to African Americans but also deeply entrenched slavery and heightened sectional tensions leading to the Civil War.
- Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendmentwas designed to:
- Overturn Dred Scott by guaranteeing citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, regardless of race, and ensuring equal protection under the law.
- Secure the rights of formerly enslaved people in the aftermath of the Civil War.
- Citizenship Clause: Explicitly grants citizenship to all individuals born in the U.S. and subject to its jurisdiction, removing any ambiguity about the citizenship of African Americans or anyone else born on U.S. soil.
- Equal Protection Clause: Mandates that states must provide equal protection of the laws to all persons within their jurisdiction, further counteracting the racial discrimination entrenched by Dred Scott.
The
14th Amendment not only repudiated Dred Scott but also laid the foundation for future civil rights advancements, including:
- The end of segregation through Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
- The application of constitutional rights to state actions via incorporation doctrine.
- Modern rulings on immigration, voting rights, and equality.
In summary, the
14th Amendment was a direct repudiation of
Dred Scott v. Sandford, ensuring that citizenship and basic rights could no longer be denied on the basis of race."