In the summer of 1919, the United States Army Motor Transport Corps (MTC) deployed a convoy of military vehicles on an ambitious cross-country journey. The expedition consisted of eighty-one motorized Army vehicles that crossed the United States from Washington, DC, to San Francisco, a venture covering a distance of 3,251 miles in 62 days. The convoy was manned by 24 officers and 258 enlisted men and was designed to test the mobility of the military during wartime conditions.
The overall objectives of the trip were fourfold: encourage the construction of transcontinental highways, recruit troops for the Motor Transport Corps, demonstrate the use of military motor vehicles to the public, and evaluate the performance of different vehicles on various terrains and grades. For the most part, the convoy followed the first transcontinental roadway, the Lincoln Highway, which had opened in 1913, running from New York City to San Francisco.
From Pennsylvania to Illinois, to the route of the Lincoln Highway was mostly paved, but west of Lincoln's home state, the convoy had conditions that were more primitive. Driving through dusty and/or muddy conditions most of the rest of the way, the convoy averaged 15 mph during its 10-plus hour travel days.
During the course of its journey, the convoy recorded 230 road incidents, including stops for adjustments, extrications, breakdowns, and accidents resulting in 9 vehicles retiring, and had 21 injured personnel en-route who did not complete the trip.
The convoy experienced several unscheduled delays requiring extra encampments due to mechanical breakdowns and difficulties with roads. During the trip the convoy broke and repaired numerous bridges and in some cases traveled additional miles when bypassing bridges that were too dangerous for heavy equipment to cross. Ultimately, the convoy arrived at its destination in San Francisco six days behind schedule.
In his report on the journey, one of the convoy's observers, Lt. Colonel Dwight Eisenhower, noted that most of the difficulties along the route were experienced by the heavier vehicles which even on the very best roads "were not capable of the speed that the lighter types could efficiently maintain," and by "inefficient handling of the vehicle by the driver."