humm ok, so, who is our "mutual fund mgt. company" investing in or with?
This is a difficult thing to conceptually understand. The answer is "the government." QW said that essentially we owe the funds to ourselves. That is true. Let me explain.
Let's say you, Mr. Trajan, start a retirement savings account, and you don't want the ups and downs of the stock market, you don't trust banks, and since your house fell by 50% in price, no way are you going into real estate. Instead, you decide to invest 100% in government bonds. You can call the Treasury and open account to buy government bonds. For the rest of your life, that's all you invest in, Treasury bonds. I wouldn't advise it, but hey, different strokes for different folks.
Now let's say you have the option of either doing it yourself or having someone else do it for you. You, for some odd reason, think the government is fabulous, so you select the government to do it for you. Instead of you calling the government every month and putting 6% into government bonds, the government just takes 6% off your paycheck and invests in government bonds for you.
What does the government do with that money that you've lent them? To you, you don't care. All you care about is that the government pays you back with the interest promised. The government will spend it anyway it wants. That's what it does now.
So you're following me here, right? Let's review.
1st option - you invest your money in government bonds yourself
2nd option - you have the government invest your money in government bonds for you.
In both options, the government spends that money in any way it sees fit. And in both options, you own an asset - a government bond - that is a liability of the government.
Now this is where it gets tricky, and this is where people generally get confused, like the people in this thread. Let's say the government approaches you and says "Mr. Trajan, I see that all you've ever done is buy government bonds. Government bonds have a cost. There are middle men that have to get paid. We have auctions. We have accounting for all these bonds. We have to pay a custodian. Let's make a deal. Instead of going to all the trouble of issuing these bonds that you buy every month, let's skip all the middle men and we'll debit your account the amount that you send to us every month. You will still compound the interest at the same rate but instead of owning the actual bond, we will pay you back your principal and accrued interest in the future when you need it." Thus, you have another option.
3rd option - you send the money directly to the government and the government enters into a contractual promise to pay you back in the future the amount of your investment plus accrued interest matching the rate of interest on government bonds.
And like the first two options, you have an asset - a contractual promise to pay you back plus interest - that is a liability of the government.
Economically, all three options are the same. In all three options, you are sending the government your savings and the government promises to pay you back plus interest. A bond is a contractual promise to pay you back plus interest in the future.
If you hadn't guessed, the third option most closely resembles how social security operates. Now take Mr. Trajan and 250 million other Americans and pool them all together in the third option and that's the SS trust fund. It's as if we are all buying government bonds together, but instead of going to the trouble of actually issuing the bonds, the government credits our accounts
as if we were purchasing the bonds. And that pool of assets is run by the government, which is an asset credited against the liabilities of the Treasury.
Now, that's not how I would design a pension fund, but that's essentially how SS works.
In fairness to the critics, they have an implicit point - the capacity of the trust funds to pay off its obligations are a function of the productive capacity of the nation. Using an extreme example, if you promised everyone pensions 10x larger tomorrow, you would essentially bankrupt the nation since those promises could not be met. Countries such as Italy and Japan will be in trouble because they are not growing fast enough to meet their obligations. But SS isn't really in any serious trouble (unlike Medicare and Medicaid) since the population and the economy continues to grow. SS would be in much better shape if it were a real pension fund. Earning even an extra 1% would make an enormous difference over time.