IM2, I appreciate your tenacity and don't deny any of the sources you mention or their findings. I do note, however, that I see nothing even remotely supporting the notion that "Blacks are stopped at [any multiple] times what whites experience." That is pure rubbish.
The phenomenon of Blacks' cars being searched more often than the cars of "whites," is consistent with well-documented differences in criminality, as mentioned above. I sympathize with the innocent Blacks who are swept up in the same net with the criminals. But I also note that there are only three circumstances in which a car can be searched: (1) incident to a lawful arrest, (2) with a search warrant, and (3) with the consent of the driver. So seriously...what conclusion can be drawn from the fact that Blacks' cars are searched more often than whites? Is the claim that the cars are being searched over the legitimate objections of the drivers? You would think that would be noted, eh?
Why do you conclude that traffic stops that do not result in a citation are bogus? I call Bullshit on that one as well. Although I am apparently "white," the times when I have been stopped but not ticketed were the result of an honest, respectful conversation with the officer, wherein he decided not to ticket me.
In fact, none of the studies cited takes any notice of the primary factor: How many of the cars were in fact violating the law when they were stopped? I suspect they all were - Black and otherwise. So theoretically if Black males are more inclined to break traffic laws (which would be consistent with their documented cavalier attitude about other laws), then they will be stopped more often than other demographic groups. And that renders the whole complaint meaningless.
The scenario promoted by this whole thread is that innocent Black people (mainly Black males) are being abused by police, when driving. No white person can categorically state that that is a bogus complaint; we simply don't have the experience to evaluate it. But I do know that white parents of teenage boys have EXACTLY THE SAME CONVERSATION with their Yoots as Black parents do: "Do exactly what the cop says; don't give him any shit. If you think you are being treated unfairly let it go; we'll deal with it later." There is nothing racial about it.