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http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-europe_constitution/EUconstitution_2542.jsp
The end of the European Union
Gwyn Prins
25 - 5 - 2005
Whatever the French and Dutch decide in their referenda on the European constitution, the European federal project is dying, says Gwyn Prins.
For the first time, fear really stalks the Rue de la Loi in Brussels, headquarters of the European Commission. It is visceral. We know this because of the increasingly hysterical register of the messages in which the commissioners are sending French and Dutch voters preparing (in their referenda on 29 May and 1 June respectively) to vote down the treaty establishing a federal constitution. If you do so, the European Union nomenklatura is saying, you will bring to Europe economic disaster, a return to internecine war or (most tastelessly and least forgivably) another Holocaust. It is ridiculous hyperbole and therefore all the more demanding of explanation. How did it come to this?
I watched, in voyeuristic fascination, the first two-hour television debate between the French protagonists on 16 May. Each side reached opposite conclusions from the same assumptions: that essential French interests were under mortal threat; that enlargement has already gone too far; that Turkey was a step too far. As voices rose, it sounded like a collective nervous breakdown.
My guess (and hope) is still that we will see a Maastricht yes in France: a vote for the constitution, but by the slimmest of margins. Perhaps President Chirac, like Francois Mitterrand in a similar predicament, will announce prostate cancer on polling eve. The yes camp may yet triumph, but it is a close call.
After two recent visits to Holland, it looks to me increasingly likely too that the Dutch will vote no, also for a mixture of reasons (in their case, much closer to English ones). There is no appetite there for federal union; much anger about being taken for granted in the past and now by the most unpopular Dutch government for a generation; there is mistrust of the French. A French yes and a Dutch no will mean that Tony Blair cannot escape his referendum in Britain; and a no there would write the obituary of the European federal project that is now in any case so plainly dying.
A dying fall
What a difference fifteen years can make! In 1990 the European Community (as it still was called) was still doing, more or less, what it had been intended to do since 1957: in essence, to ensure that the skilful French rider could ride the sturdy German horse, in Charles de Gaulles celebrated description (with, one might add, the Dutch and British stable-lads paying the bill for the cheerful French peasant to grow the fodder).
In 1991 the rider fell off. The occasion was the death of Yugoslavia. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Germanys foreign minister, insisted that his newly-reunited country pursue an active foreign policy for the first time since 1945. Along with his Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, he forced the European Union in January 1992 to recognise two republics of fragmenting Yugoslavia Croatia and Slovenia as sovereign states.
Many other European capitals, and Washington, had grave doubts about this move. London, Paris, Rome, and Amsterdam were convinced correctly, as it turned out that this would lead to a Balkan civil war. The Germans insisted, and won; John Major, the British prime minister, consented to the decision after having secured from Kohl in exchange an opt out from the Maastricht Treatys social chapter.
The shock of German heavy-handedness and EU foreign-policy rudderlessness and division were the stimulus to accelerated federal steps in the 1990s. Some were taken on autopilot: the Brussels machine is programmed to legislate as a spider is to spin its web. Thus the Gulliver-like achievement of the single market was tied down by the myriad Lilliputian threads of the acquis communautaire legislation, advancing stealthily into ever-wider areas of member-states national life (especially under cover of heath and safety and environment regulation).
Among the historic errors of this period when the heaviest-footed drivers were in Paris rather than Berlin was the introduction of the single currency; a premature decision that has been severely punished by the capital markets, where the euro is now effectively traded as a debauched currency.
France and Germanys violation of the fiscal rules they signed up to elicited the just fury of the Dutch, who had surrendered the second strongest European currency (after the Swiss Franc) in a community-minded spirit, only to discover that the translation of communautaire was French national interest. The Netherlands everywhere experienced small-item price inflation (compare the price of a cup of coffee in lira or guilders and now euro).
Then came Giscard dEstaings extravagant federal constitution, which may yet prove to be the bridge too far. [The definitive insiders account of the gestation of the bizarre, constipated text written by Giscard and Sir John Kerr is by Britains principal parliamentary member of the drafting group: Gisela Stuart, The Making of Europes Constitution (Fabian Society, December 2003).]
This brutal acceleration of the European Union project in the post-1990 period has leaked so much legitimacy from it that it now starts to resemble that other superannuated, elite-created, imposed federal union project also conceived in Europe in the same period (1910s-20s): the Soviet Union.
One of John Kenneth Galbraiths most ingenious contributions to social knowledge was his observation that above a certain size, large organisations replace their original motivation (for example, profit) with the goal of integrated control of its entire operating environment, and that they hide this pursuit of unaccountable power behind a myth of its opposite.
By the same token, neo-absolutist political institutions like the EU depend upon the maintenance of a fiction of democratic accountability. The claim is periodically challenged by the public refusal to vote for the European Parliament hardly surprising when the parliamentarians vote to continue inflating their expenses, when an entire commission has to resign over corrupt practices, when the organisation as a whole fails to produce reliable, honest financial accounts, and when whistleblowers like Paul van Buitenen and Marta Andreasen are excommunicated and threatened.
The fundamental issue is that the EU, like the failed Soviet experiment, cannot meet Alexis de Tocquevilles tests of democratic legitimation. The organisation is trapped by the local effects of a worldwide crisis of institutional trust, and a breakdown in the essence of the social contract between citizen and state.
The French effort to mount the German horse an exercise first conceived in hope by Aristide Briand and Jean Monnet in reaction to the slaughter of Verdun and the Somme is newly exposed as bloated and unlovely. The European Union is just another episode now drawing to a close in the long history of Europe and its peoples. It has no inherent identity except in the minds and worldview of the Brussels elite who depend on it for their privilege and power.
Least of all is the EU coterminous with Europe. The Eurobarometer opinion surveys reveal that the generational gradient of affinity to a primary European identity is the reverse of what Monnet and his colleagues expected in 1945. They were the strongest enthusiasts for the federal project; the soixante-huitards (like me) were still keen, but less so; Generation X and todays rising 20-somethings are just not interested. They take for granted the four basic qualifications for successful modern living: convenience of travel, the universal need to speak English, computer and mobile phone skills, and car-driving. And they feel Dutch, English, French, German or Italian, first of all.
The castle is all lit up; the flag is flying, the wardens peer out anxiously, but the people arent at home. It is not what many would have predicted in 1991.
Gwyn Prins is a professor at the London School of Economics and author of The Heart of War (Routledge)
Well you know what they say about every black cloud!
