Follow along with the video below to see how to install our site as a web app on your home screen.
Note: This feature currently requires accessing the site using the built-in Safari browser.
That's the typical cop-out. It seems many blacks fall for it. It's much easier to blame whitey, rather than accept any responsibility.You're white and whites like you cant handle the truth. Our failures are due to things caused by white racism. Turn black and try living then tell me how it's not so. Your opinion is like a man telling a woman labor pains aren't real.I think white racism has mostly ended, but your race is desperate to keep it alive. I suspect you guys do this to excuse your race’s failures.Yes. Will yours?Will your race’s problems end when white racism ends?Since the root cause of our problems is white racism perhaps it is your races failures that are the problem.I suspect it helps you explain your race’s failures.No. Do you want to know why?Does electing a black man potus twice mean anything?Temp is a study in deflecting away from his original point. Its his "tell". You slice his bullshit up and he starts talking about everything but his point. I'm still waiting for him to show my how racism or racists are gone from the US.I don't want racism to work at all. You just made a dumb ass comment.That's not how racism works in 2020 and you know it.
Are you telling me that racism should work in only the ways YOU want it to?
Is that what I'm getting?
Hence the amendments abolishing slavery passed later. Of course slavery should never have been brought to this country in the first place.Hate to break it to you....America is racist. Its even in the original document used to form it.Never tell me America is racist.
Do you see how many white people are protesting with you? Do you see how many white cops are showing solidarity with you?
NEVER tell me America is racist.
Ask any black person who lived during the civil rights era. They didn't have white support, if they did, it was minimal support at most. They did not have a broad coalition of support you do now in the 1950s and '60s.
Not only do you have the support of hundreds of millions of white people all across America, but the WHOLE WORLD has also come to stand behind you. I will stand behind you.
But never tell me America is racist.
You would be a failed penal colony that only eats unseasoned macaroni and cheese with chips on top.Hence the amendments abolishing slavery passed later. Of course slavery should never have been brought to this country in the first place.Hate to break it to you....America is racist. Its even in the original document used to form it.Never tell me America is racist.
Do you see how many white people are protesting with you? Do you see how many white cops are showing solidarity with you?
NEVER tell me America is racist.
Ask any black person who lived during the civil rights era. They didn't have white support, if they did, it was minimal support at most. They did not have a broad coalition of support you do now in the 1950s and '60s.
Not only do you have the support of hundreds of millions of white people all across America, but the WHOLE WORLD has also come to stand behind you. I will stand behind you.
But never tell me America is racist.
In 1776 we should have returned all the Africans we had in the country and picked our own cotton.
If we had done that we now wouldn't have this large demographic of government dependents, and social miscreants with life long victimhood complexes that complain incessantly about everything.
We would be stronger and more peaceful nation with less strife presently, if we had returned all the Africans.
The U.S. has been in existence for 243 years and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which I presume you're referring to has only been in existence for less that 25% of the lifetime of the United States. That means that for 182 years people of African descent were relegated legislatively, via numerous court judgments and enforced by law enforcement into 2nd class citizen status, that is after we obtained recognition that the rights the U.S. Constitution afforded everyone else also extended to us.
Your chronological argument is invalid.
You dismiss any efforts by this country to reform itself between its inception and the passage of the Civil Rights Act. You are too focused on the distant past.
Look at you a shuckin and a jivin?Since he did not say he knew what it is to be black, or have I ever read any of his postings suggesting such, along with the fact that he has never told me he knows as much about being black ad I do or any other black person here, don't get the case of butthurt when I show him the respect you won't get. Empathizing and direct knowledge are 2 different things.Wow, from your response, I guess that you assume that I'm African-American. As a matter of fact, I know all about being white. In fact, I know all about being white and privileged. So why did you assume that I'm black?I wouldn't doubt that for a second.The only plight he's been through is a course in black studies at his university.Are you African-American? Because I have to say that the only way you can make your claim credible is if you're black. Otherwise, you're just talking out of your ass.
Your arrogance and condescension are incredible.
I don't need to be an African American to have pity for the plights you and your ancestors were put through, but I will not have you revising history and telling me to accept it because "I'm black, and I say so." Nor will I have you impugning me for the color of my skin or for the actions of my ancestors.
If I know nothing about being black, you know absolutely nothing about being white.
Be off with that.
I'm not sure what I posted that you consider "revising history and telling [you] to accept it because 'I'm black, and I say so.'" Especially since I'm not black. Is it so beyond your understanding that you can't even conceive that a white person could empathize with a black person?
A white man who knows what it is to be black. I'm sure IM2 would love to hear all about it.
Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
" far less racist "Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
Yeah, figures you aren't satisfied. Look at you living your past as if it were your present. Time to snap back to reality pal. You need to understand America is a far less racist country than you think it is.
No I'm not." far less racist "Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
Yeah, figures you aren't satisfied. Look at you living your past as if it were your present. Time to snap back to reality pal. You need to understand America is a far less racist country than you think it is.
That wasnt your original claim. Now youre back pedaling.
Yes you are back pedaling. Just calling it to your attention.No I'm not." far less racist "Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
Yeah, figures you aren't satisfied. Look at you living your past as if it were your present. Time to snap back to reality pal. You need to understand America is a far less racist country than you think it is.
That wasnt your original claim. Now youre back pedaling.
You are putting words in my mouth. Again. Like I said even OldLady got what I was trying to say. You are too dense to get that.
You absolutely 100 percent cannot be helped.
Hence the amendments abolishing slavery passed later. Of course slavery should never have been brought to this country in the first place.Hate to break it to you....America is racist. Its even in the original document used to form it.Never tell me America is racist.
Do you see how many white people are protesting with you? Do you see how many white cops are showing solidarity with you?
NEVER tell me America is racist.
Ask any black person who lived during the civil rights era. They didn't have white support, if they did, it was minimal support at most. They did not have a broad coalition of support you do now in the 1950s and '60s.
Not only do you have the support of hundreds of millions of white people all across America, but the WHOLE WORLD has also come to stand behind you. I will stand behind you.
But never tell me America is racist.
Sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed. This happens frequently when you cant deal with the facts. When you are getting your ass whipped you start to think all kinds of weird shit. Let me know how it goes after you bring it to the attention of the moderators.I'm beginning to think Asclepias and IM2 are the same person on two accounts. What a clever arrangement of letters. I think I will bring this to the attention of the moderators.
I hope I'm wrong, because that would be a terrible look on you.
Don't preach to me, you half baked civil rights zealot. If you can do nothing but quote the Declaration and assault me with an offering of preachy words as a solution to the supposed scourge of racism in this country, you are part of the problem. And you are wasting my time.Hence the amendments abolishing slavery passed later. Of course slavery should never have been brought to this country in the first place.Hate to break it to you....America is racist. Its even in the original document used to form it.Never tell me America is racist.
Do you see how many white people are protesting with you? Do you see how many white cops are showing solidarity with you?
NEVER tell me America is racist.
Ask any black person who lived during the civil rights era. They didn't have white support, if they did, it was minimal support at most. They did not have a broad coalition of support you do now in the 1950s and '60s.
Not only do you have the support of hundreds of millions of white people all across America, but the WHOLE WORLD has also come to stand behind you. I will stand behind you.
But never tell me America is racist.
Not the Emancipation Proclamation nor any Amendment or statutory law has never made a dent in racism and other forms of bigotry in our country; only when hate and fear of black men are no longer passed down from parent to child will acceptance be possible.
Anyone familiar with the postings on this message board cannot deny that racism exists today, covertly and even overtly in the comments of the supporters of Trump, and those who vote for GOP members of Congress.
It's time for patriots to acknowledge that all people have certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness and the nation's leader strives to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.
It's past time for all of us to enjoy equal rights, equal opportunities and equal justice, something denied by the establishment to Native Americans, Chinese and Japanese, The Irish, migrants from Mexico and other American nations seeking a better and safer life; and to blacks, many of whom are descendants of slaves who had been in the United States before it was created.
Is that an admission of guilt?Sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed. This happens frequently when you cant deal with the facts. When you are getting your ass whipped you start to think all kinds of weird shit. Let me know how it goes after you bring it to the attention of the moderators.I'm beginning to think Asclepias and IM2 are the same person on two accounts. What a clever arrangement of letters. I think I will bring this to the attention of the moderators.
I hope I'm wrong, because that would be a terrible look on you.
Once again, you fail to point out how I am backpedaling.Yes you are back pedaling. Just calling it to your attention.No I'm not." far less racist "Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
Yeah, figures you aren't satisfied. Look at you living your past as if it were your present. Time to snap back to reality pal. You need to understand America is a far less racist country than you think it is.
That wasnt your original claim. Now youre back pedaling.
You are putting words in my mouth. Again. Like I said even OldLady got what I was trying to say. You are too dense to get that.
You absolutely 100 percent cannot be helped.
Overwhelmed? After spending 9 hours debating you and IM2? Please.Sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed. This happens frequently when you cant deal with the facts. When you are getting your ass whipped you start to think all kinds of weird shit. Let me know how it goes after you bring it to the attention of the moderators.I'm beginning to think Asclepias and IM2 are the same person on two accounts. What a clever arrangement of letters. I think I will bring this to the attention of the moderators.
I hope I'm wrong, because that would be a terrible look on you.
I think its an admission that you are feeling overwhelmed and your mind is playing tricks on you.Is that an admission of guilt?Sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed. This happens frequently when you cant deal with the facts. When you are getting your ass whipped you start to think all kinds of weird shit. Let me know how it goes after you bring it to the attention of the moderators.I'm beginning to think Asclepias and IM2 are the same person on two accounts. What a clever arrangement of letters. I think I will bring this to the attention of the moderators.
I hope I'm wrong, because that would be a terrible look on you.
You didnt spend 9 hours debating me or IM2. You spent 8 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds taking an ass whippin the likes you have never experienced before. I can understand why youre overwhelmed and now claiming we are the same person.Overwhelmed? After spending 9 hours debating you and IM2? Please.Sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed. This happens frequently when you cant deal with the facts. When you are getting your ass whipped you start to think all kinds of weird shit. Let me know how it goes after you bring it to the attention of the moderators.I'm beginning to think Asclepias and IM2 are the same person on two accounts. What a clever arrangement of letters. I think I will bring this to the attention of the moderators.
I hope I'm wrong, because that would be a terrible look on you.
Sure. I'll point it out.Once again, you fail to point out how I am backpedaling.Yes you are back pedaling. Just calling it to your attention.No I'm not." far less racist "Racism did not end on any of those dates.You show us the date that racism actually ended in America and peer reviewed evidence of it's elimination.Actually we have disproved every claim you have made. You're dreadfully ignorant.
I would LOOOOVE to see that.
Dates. And sure.
April 12, 1861 - The Civil War begins with the
Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. South Carolina.
January 1, 1863 - Abraham Lincoln issues Proclamation 95, The Emancipation Proclamation
April 9, 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
May 5, 1865 - Jefferson Davis dissolves the Confederacy in Washington, Georgia
May 10, 1865 - Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops
April 9, 1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by congress, but was not enforced due to lack of constitutional power by congress to enforce it.
August 20, 1866 - President Andrew Johnson declares an official end to the Civil War
July 9, 1868 - Ratification of the 14th Amendment
February 3, 1870 - Ratification of the 15th Amendment, opened the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be legally enforced
May 31, 1870 - Ulysses S. Grant signs the Enforcement Act of 1870, subsequently enforcing the CRA of 1866
April 3, 1944 - In Smith v. Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks from voting, was unconstitutional.
May 3, 1948 - In Shelley v. Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive housing covenants.
July 26, 1948 - President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin."
May 17, 1954 - In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.
September 25, 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus to give up his efforts to block desegregation at Central High. Faubus and a mob of whites were forced to allow nine African American children to attend school on this day.
May 6, 1960 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which prohibited intimidation of black voters and gave judges the power to appoint referees to oversee voter registration.
March 6, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandated that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.
January 23, 1964 - The 24th Amendment is ratified, abolishing the poll tax, which had been instituted in southern states after Reconstruction to make it difficult for poor blacks to vote.
July 2, 1964 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act
June 4, 1965 - In a speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Lyndon B. Johnson frames the philosophy underlying affirmative action, making the assertion that civil rights laws alone were not enough to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965
June 12, 1967 - Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
August 30, 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to serve as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
April 11, 1968 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of most housing units in the country.
April 20, 1971 - The United States Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving the integration of public schools.
Want more?
I can give you more. Or you can bow out. Gracefully.
Lincoln signed words on a piece of paper but were those words actually honored?
Not really.
At the time of "emancipation" 80 percent of Americas GNP was tied to slavery. America, not just the south. Blacks got none of the money. In January of 1865, Special Field Order 15 was issued. Special Field Orders No. 15 - Wikipedia In July 1865, Circular 13, Resource Sheet #7 was issued by General Howard which fully authorized the lease of 40 acres of land to the newly freed slaves. As a result of this action 40,000 former slaves began work on several hundred thousand acres of land.
President Andrew Johnson killed that by his doing so removed those 40,000 blacks off that land and destroyed any income they could make. Meanwhile Johnson advocated for the homestead act and wanted to take plantation land and distribute it to whites without money.
Johnson pardoned most of the confederate leaders and they regained their prior positions of state leadership. By doing this, Johnson unleashed a reign of terror on blacks that really was nothing short of attempted ethnic cleansing. Blacks were beaten, scalped, killed, set on fire with their bodies left in the streets to rot.
A representative from the Johnson administration traveled the south and reported seeing black women scalped, or had their ears cut off, thrown into rivers and drowned. Black men and boys were clubbed, beaten, shot, some chained on trees and burned to death. State to state this man witnessed the stench of dead decomposing black bodies hanging from tree limbs, lying in ditches, and piled up on the roadways.
But blacks were free, right?
Three months after Sherman issued his Field Orders, No. 15, the U.S. Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau for the purpose of ensuring the welfare of millions of slaves being freed by the war.
One task of the Freedmen's Bureau was to be the management of lands confiscated from those who had rebelled against the United States. The intent of Congress, led by the Radical Republicans, was to break up the plantations and redistribute the land so former slaves could have their own small farms.
Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865. And Johnson, on May 28, 1865, issued a proclamation of pardon and amnesty to citizens in the South who would take an oath of allegiance.
As part of the pardon process, lands confiscated during the war would be returned to white landowners. So while the Radical Republicans had fully intended for there to be a massive redistribution of land from former slave owners to former slaves under Reconstruction, Johnson's policy effectively thwarted that.
And by late 1865 the policy of granting the coastal lands in Georgia to freed slaves had run into serious roadblocks. An article in the New York Times on December 20, 1865 described the situation: the former owners of the land were demanding its return, and the policy of President Andrew Johnson was to give the land back to them.
It has been estimated that approximately 40,000 former slaves received grants of land under Sherman's order. But the land was taken away from them.
Sharecropping Became the Reality for Freed Slaves
Denied the opportunity to own their own small farms, most former slaves were forced to live under the system of sharecropping.
Life as a sharecropper generally meant living in poverty. And sharecropping would have been a bitter disappointment to people who once believed they could become independent farmers.
Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. It essentially replaced the plantation system which had relied on slave labor and effectively created a new system of bondage.
Under the system of sharecropping, a poor farmer who did not own land would work a plot belonging to a landowner. The farmer would receive a share of the harvest as payment.
So while the former slave was technically free, he would still find himself bound to the land, which was often the very same land he had farmed while enslaved. And in practice, the newly freed slave faced a life of extremely limited economic opportunity.
Generally speaking, sharecropping doomed freed slaves to a life of poverty. And the system of sharecropping, in actual practice, doomed generations of American in the South to an impoverished existence in an economically stunted region.
Beginning of the Sharecropping System
Following the elimination of slavery, the plantation system in the South could no longer exist. Landowners, such as cotton planters who had owned vast plantations, had to face a new economic reality. They may have owned vast amounts of land, but they did not have the labor to work it, and they did not have the money to hire farm workers.
The millions of freed slaves also had to face a new way of life. Though freed from bondage, they had to cope with numerous problems in the post-slavery economy.
Many freed slaves were illiterate, and all they knew was farm work. And they were unfamiliar with the concept of working for wages.
Indeed, with freedom, many former slaves aspired to become independent farmers owning land. And such aspirations were fueled by rumors that the U.S. government would help them get a start as farmers with a promise of "forty acres and a mule."
In reality, former slaves were seldom able to establish themselves as independent farmers. And as plantation owners broke up their estates into smaller farms, many former slaves became sharecroppers on the land of their former masters.
Yeah, figures you aren't satisfied. Look at you living your past as if it were your present. Time to snap back to reality pal. You need to understand America is a far less racist country than you think it is.
That wasnt your original claim. Now youre back pedaling.
You are putting words in my mouth. Again. Like I said even OldLady got what I was trying to say. You are too dense to get that.
You absolutely 100 percent cannot be helped.
