http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AP/AP036/AP036_reportsummary.pdf
Access to a supermarket or large grocery store is a problem for a small percentage of
households. Results indicate that some consumers are constrained in their ability to access
affordable nutritious food because they live far from a supermarket or large grocery store and do
not have easy access to transportation. Three pieces of evidence corroborate this conclusion:
Of all U.S. households, 2.3 million, or 2.2 percent, live more than a mile from a supermarket
and do not have access to a vehicle. An additional 3.4 million households, or 3.2 percent of all
households, live between one-half to 1 mile and do not have access to a vehicle.
Area-based measures of access show that 23.5 million people live in low-income areas
(areas where more than 40 percent of the population has income at or below 200 percent
of Federal poverty thresholds) that are more than 1 mile from a supermarket or large
grocery store. However, not all of these 23.5 million people have low income. If estimates
are restricted to consider only low-income people in low-income areas, then 11.5 million
people, or 4.1 percent of the total U.S. population, live in low-income areas more than 1
mile from a supermarket.
Data on time use and travel mode show that people living in low-income areas with limited
access spend significantly more time (19.5 minutes) traveling to a grocery store than the
national average (15 minutes). However, 93 percent of those who live in low-income areas
with limited access traveled to the grocery store in a vehicle they or another household
member drove.
Access to Affordable and
Nutritious Food
Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts
and Their Consequences
Report to Congress
United States
Department
of Agriculture
Economic
Research
Service
Report to
Congress
June 2009
Access to Affordable and
Nutritious Food: Measuring and
Understanding Food Deserts and
Their Consequences
This report was prepared by the Economic Research Service (ERS), the Food
and Nutrition Service (FNS), and the Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service (CSREES) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture under
the direction of Michele Ver Ploeg of ERS. Contributors include Vince Breneman,
Tracey Farrigan, Karen Hamrick, David Hopkins, Phil Kaufman, Biing-Hwan Lin,
Mark Nord, Travis Smith, and Ryan Williams of ERS; Kelly Kinnison, Carol Olander,
and Anita Singh of FNS; and Elizabeth Tuckermanty of CSREES. Rachel Krantz-
Kent and Curtis Polen of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Howard McGowan and
Stella Kim of the U.S. Census Bureau assisted ERS staff in analyzing data from the
American Time Use Survey.