State Hijab
'The Koran aims at forming a community of believers (umma), but it does not contain a detailed system of organization of civil society; it confines itself to some general principles. On the other hand, a distinction cam be made in the Koran between two instances of power: the juridico-religious power (hukm), which only belongs to god and the civile power, which is the responsibility of men, and belongs to the "holders of authority" (ulu l-amr); it must be the object of consultation (shura).
....
Yet these caliphs, and especially Omar (13-23 / 634-644), organizer of the State, legislates in various fields, from religious principles. Omar does not hesitate to modify, innovate, or even suspend rules established by the Prophet or even by the Koran. It is difficult to distinguish, in all these measures, what emerges from secular motivations (the organization of the State) or from religious motivations.'
(The State and Religion, Islamochristiana [1986] 12: 62)
The white wall/black hole system we have already mentioned as to its link to the hijab and concept of hegira (migration). In the building of the State, one can understand more clearly Omar's divested powers and flexibility, for they are embedded in shari'a:
'In the post-1998 era of reform and decentralization, shari'a signifies the resurgence of local capacities to define and exploit ideas of authenticity, autonomy, and morality -- ideas which have strong political, cultural, and often religious dimensions. Whether Bowen is right (2013, "Contours of Shari'a in Indonesia") in seeing the bylaws as part of a larger process of redefining and re-legitimizing the country's institutions, or whether one should, as other observers do, consider the religious bylaws as a sign of Indonesia captured by a nation-wide religious frenzy in the aftermath of democratization and the state's withdrawal from over-regulating society, democratization has profoundly altered conditions of belief. There is yet no debate about, and indeed very little awareness of, the violence done unto all religions, Islam included, in the 1950-1980s due to the provisions of the MORA. There is also still very little questioning of whether tying citizenship to religion is compatible with democracy and in particular with the freedom of religion guaranteed in the constitution.'
(Kuenkler M, Law, Legitimacy, and Equality, in A Secular Age Beyond the West [2018])