Hijab @ timepoint 16:20
' (17:52) ' a visual representation of my faith.'
' The Headscarf Debates
The place where the presence of headscarved women was most galling to Kemalist state elites was university campuses (for definitive introduction to the headscarf debates in Turkey, see Elver H [2012] The Headscarf Controversy: Secularism and Freedom of Religion, Oxford University Press). The idea that educated women would resist the secularizing pressures of the Turkish state's pedagogy was a particular affront. In one of its rulings on the question of headscarves on university campuses, the Council of State (Danistay) made this objection explicit:
[G]irls with insufficient education were wearing headscarves under the influence of the environment and traditions without having any particular thought in mind. However, the girls who have sufficient education not to surrender to the public pressure and traditions are known to cover their heads while opposing the secular republican principles....For these people, the headscarf, beyond an innocent habit, ius a symbol of world ideology that is antithetical to women's liberation and our republic's main principles.
The irony of re-describing what had previously been denied the traditional Anatolian headscarf of the 1920s as more "modern" is striking. Because this headscarf is worn loosely and may partially reveal hair it is deemed more compatible with modern Turkey than a stricter headscarf. Thus the more recent practice of stricter covering (sometimes referred to as tuerban) that emerged among religious Turks who moved to the country's urban centers due to economic dislocation is treated not as "modern" but as retrograde.
The clear message of the Danistay decision was that women who would wear headscarves on university campuses were doing so with the deliberate intention of undermining the republican principle of secularism and not as an "innocent" expression of religious identity based on their traditionalism or lack of education. Whereas headscarved women in provincial and rural areas of Turkey might represent a form of benign traditionalism, women who chose to wear headscarves despite being educated and exposed to urban Kemalist culture represented a malign threat to the redemptive mission of the state. The appearance of headscarved women in large numbers at universities challenged the Kemalist premise that education would ineluctably sustain the secularization of the public sphere central to the state's preferred model of modernization.'
(Bali A, A Kemalist Secular Age? Cultural Politics in Turkey, in A Secular Age Beyond the West, Cambridge, 2018, pp. 248-9)
'Earlier we encountered two axes, signifiance and subjectification. We saw that they were two very different semiotic systems, or even two strata. Significance is never without a white wall upon which is inscribes its signs and redundancies. Subjectification is never without a black hole in which it lodges its consciousness, passion, and redundancies. Since all semiotics are mixed and strata come in at least twos, it should come as no surprise that a very special mechanism is situated at their intersection. Oddly enough, it is a face: the white wall/black hole system. A broad face with white cheeks, a chalk face with eyes cut in for a black hole. Clown head, white clown, moon-white mime, angel of death, Holy Shroud. The face is not an envelope exterior to the person who speaks, thinks, or feels. The form of the signifier in language, even its units, would remain indeterminate if the potential listener did not use the face of the speaker to guide his or her choices("Hey, he seems angry...."; He couldn't say it...."; You see my face when I'm talking to you...."; "look at me carefully....")....The face itself is redundancy. It is itself in redundancy with the redundancies of signifiance or frequency, and those of resonance or subjectivity. The face constructs the wall that the signifer needs in order to bounce off of; it constitutes the wall of the signifier, the frame or screen. The face digs the hole that subjectification needs in order to break through; it constitutes the black hole of subjectivity as consciousness or passion, the camera, the third eye.
....
We can now propose the following distinction: the face is part of a surface-holes, holey surface, system. This system should under no circumstances be confused with the volume-cavity system proper to the (proprioceptive) body. The head is included in the body, but the face is not. The face is a surface: facial traits, lines, wrinkles; long face, square face, triangular face; the face is a map, even when it is applied to and wraps a volume, even when it surrounds and borders cavities that are now no more than holes. The head, even the human head, is not necessarily a face. The face is produced only when the head ceases to be part of the body, when it ceases to be coded by the body, when it ceases to have a multidimensional, polyvocal corporeal code -- when the body, head included, has been decoded and has to be (overcoded [italics]) by something we shall call the Face.'
(A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Ch. 7 Year Zero: Faciality)