Figure 13.3 | (a) Paleo sea level data for the last 3000 years from Northern and Southern Hemisphere sites. The effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) have been removed
from these records. Light green = Iceland (Gehrels et al., 2006), purple = Nova Scotia (Gehrels et al., 2005), bright blue = Connecticut (Donnelly et al., 2004), blue = Nova Scotia
(Gehrels et al., 2005), red = United Kingdom (Gehrels et al., 2011), green = North Carolina (Kemp et al., 2011), brown = New Zealand (Gehrels et al., 2008), grey = mid-Pacific
Ocean (Woodroffe et al., 2012). (b) Paleo sea level data from salt marshes since 1700 from Northern and Southern Hemisphere sites compared to sea level reconstruction from
tide gauges (blue time series with uncertainty) (Jevrejeva et al., 2008). The effects of GIA have been removed from these records by subtracting the long-term trend (Gehrels and
Woodworth, 2013). Ordinate axis on the left corresponds to the paleo sea level data. Ordinate axis on the right corresponds to tide gauge data. Green and light green = North
Carolina (Kemp et al., 2011), orange = Iceland (Gehrels et al., 2006), purple = New Zealand (Gehrels et al., 2008), dark green = Tasmania (Gehrels et al., 2012), brown = Nova
Scotia (Gehrels et al., 2005). (c) Yearly average global mean sea level (GMSL) reconstructed from tide gauges by three different approaches. Orange from Church and White (2011),
blue from Jevrejeva et al. (2008), green from Ray and Douglas (2011) (see Section 3.7). (d) Altimetry data sets from five groups (University of Colorado (CU), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC), Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO), Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)) with mean of the five shown as bright blue line (see Section 3.7). (e) Comparison of the paleo data from salt marshes (purple
symbols, from (b)), with tide gauge and altimetry data sets (same line colours as in (c) and (d)). All paleo data were shifted by mean of 1700–1850 derived from the Sand Point,
North Carolina data. The Jevrejeva et al. (2008) tide gauge data were shifted by their mean for 1700–1850; other two tide gauge data sets were shifted by the same amount. The
altimeter time series has been shifted vertically upwards so that their mean value over the 1993–2007 period aligns with the mean value of the average of all three tide gauge
time series over the same period.