We’re not told when Cain married or many of the details of other marriages and children, but we can say for certain that Cain’s wife was either his sister or a close relative.
A closer look at the Hebrew word for “wife” in Genesis reveals something readers may miss in translation. It was more obvious to those speaking Hebrew that Cain’s wife was likely his sister. (There is a slim possibility that she was his niece, but either way, a brother and sister would have married in the beginning.) The Hebrew word for “wife” used in
Genesis 4:17 (the first mention of Cain’s wife) is
ishshah, and it means “woman/wife/female.”
And Cain knew his wife [
ishshah], and she conceived and bore Enoch. And he built a city, and called the name of the city after the name of his son—Enoch (
Genesis 4:17).
The word
ishshah is the word for “woman,” and it means “from man.” It is a derivation of the Hebrew words
‘iysh (pronounced:
eesh) and
enowsh, which both mean “man.” This can be seen in
Genesis 2:23 where the name “woman” (
ishshah) is given to one who came from Adam.
And Adam said: “This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; She shall be called Woman [ishshah], because she was taken out of Man [iysh]” (
Genesis 2:23).
Thus, Cain’s wife is a descendant of Adam/man. Therefore, she had to be his sister (or possibly niece). Hebrew readers should be able to make this connection easier; however, much is lost when translated.
Cain’s Wife—Who Was She?