The continually befuddled. It requires no faith to understand biological mechanisms.
What's remarkable is belief in partisan gawds with no more intellectual rigor than choosing the color of your socks. fundies simply inherit belief in a version of gawds with unthinking, uncaring mindlesness.
Evolution has neven been proven. To believe that life was created from some primordial soup takes quite a leap of faith.
All you have going for you are insults. I pity people like you. You must live a sad and lonely life.
The prayer leader at your madrassah has lied to you. As much as science can "prove" anything, there is ample proof of evolution. You shouldn't let your limited imagination and need to believe that all of science being a conspiracy be a limitation on thinking minds.
What a shame that christianity still vacates the mind.
Lesson 09: Who Are We?
There are only two options when considering the existence of the universe. Either something outside space and time or something inside of space and time has caused everything as we know it. Within the framework of these two options lies yet another question, “Who are we?” When this question is asked, we take one step away from considering our ultimate beginnings and one step toward our specific origins. We are no longer asking, “How did the universe begin to exist?” Instead, we are asking, “How did we come to exist and what is our identity?” Specifically, we are asking about human rather than universal origins.
There are essentially three positions that hold prominence in answering this question.
1. Creationism – God purposefully created us.
2. Theistic Evolution – We have evolved, but God guided the evolutionary process.
3. Evolution/Darwinism – We are the product of the blind (i.e. without reason) force of the evolutionary process.
According to a 2012 Gallup survey 46% of Americans are creationists, 32% are theistic evolutionists and 15% are evolutionists. These percentages have remained virtually the same for the past 30 years. The issue is that Creationism and Evolution are mutually exclusive. Both cannot be true because they make opposing claims. Theistic evolution attempts to provide a moderating voice for common ground among the two. However, theistic evolution also provides direct opposition to at least one aspect of the other two claims. Therefore, among the three, only one may have the ability to truly reflect reality.
What is Evolution?
When someone begins a conversation about evolution, we must be careful to ask, “What do you mean by evolution?” Most informed persons believe in some form of evolution. This is because there are two primary types of evolution.
Macroevolution
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Macroevolution – This is evolution across “types”. Theoretically, one species may eventually become another if it is given enough time. The most stereotyped example of this is that a monkey (or its ancestor) can eventually evolve into a human. Another example is that some scientists would say that birds have evolved from dinosaurs.
Microevolution
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Microevolution – Whereas macro means “large”, micro means “small”. This is evolution within a species. Microevolution explains the differences that occur within humans or dogs or birds.
One of the differences between the two types of evolution is that “macro” believes new species can spring from different ones while “micro” says that changes do happen, but only within the species.
The Debate
Nearly all scientists, creationists, theistic evolutionists and Darwinists/evolutionists can agree on microevolution. These are changes that can be observed from generation to generation and by scientific expermientation. However, when it comes to macroevolution it is a different story. Creationists do not think macroevolution is a viable scientific theory. Theistic evolutionists believe in the macroevolutionary theory but only if it is noted that God directed the process. Evolutionists believe that macroevolutionary theory is fact and that God has no part in the equation. What is the cause for such difference in belief?
John Scopes
The debate took its current form in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. The State of Tennessee vs. John Thomas Scopes trial (known as the Scopes Monkey Trial) brought evolution vs. creationism to the forefront of the American mind. Scopes was a high school science teacher who was on trial for teaching evolution in a state-funded school. In 1925, it was illegal in Tennessee to teach evolution in public school. Today, it is illegal (or at least highly discouraged) to teach creationism in public school. How America has changed! To see how this change happened, we must examine each possibility in more detail.
Why Do Creationists Not Believe in Macroevolution?
For creationists, there are generally two reasons for not believing in macroevolution. One has to do with the fact the his or her authority (some form of Scriptures, most usually the Bible) shows that humans were specially created by God. For example, the Bible says in Genesis 1:26,
Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”
Not only does this Scripture show that mankind is made in the image of God (Imago Deo), but mankind is also to rule over all other living creatures on the earth. Further, the Bible speaks directly against macroevolution when it states that both animals (Genesis 1:24) and plants (Genesis 1:11) will reproduce according to its own kind and seed. For example, an apple contains an apple seed which will always make an apple. In the same way, a human contains human seed and will always produce another human.
The second reason creationists do not believe in macroevolution is science. Remember, science does not interpret the facts. It is the scientists who interpret their findings. The branch of science who finds that scientific evidence points to a creator is called “Intelligent Design”. Whereas a creationist will generally say that the One who created is specifically the God of the Bible, an Intelligent Design scientist withholds identification of who the designer is. He simply says, “The scientific facts show us that there must be a grand designer who is intelligent.” However, creationists and Intelligent Design scientists find common ground by agreeing that human life is the result of special design rather than spontaneous generation and chance. Popular proponents of Intelligent Design are Michael Behe and Jonathan Wells who asks 10 Questions to evolutionists.
Why Do Theistic Evolutionists Believe in God-guided Macroevolution?
Whereas many creationists interpret science through the lens of Scripture, Theistic-evolutionists interpret Scripture through the lens of science. In other words they believe Scripture is correct; it is just up to science to tell us how the events of Scripture happened. However, there is no good reason to actually believe Theistic Evolution. It is simply a moderate position that does not want to deny the reliability of authority or popular science. However, some will interpret the Quran in 21:30 as being in agreement with macroevolution that all life indeed comes from water.
Why Do Evolutionists Believe in Macroevolution?
Bill Nye the “Science Guy” recently waded into the debate. Nye is vehemently opposed to creationism because of the undeniable evolutionary facts that science produce. The scientist appeals to his teacher Carl Sagan who was famous for saying that we are made of “star stuff” in his PBS series “Cosmos” a few decades ago.
One Molecular Biologist writes that the most common answers scientists give for believing in evolution are:
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a laboratory flask containing a simulation of the earthÂ’s primitive atmosphere, in which electric sparks produce the chemical building-blocks of living cells;
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the evolutionary tree of life, reconstructed from a large and growing body of fossil and molecular evidence;
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similar bone structures in a batÂ’s wing, a porpoiseÂ’s flipper, a horseÂ’s leg, and a human hand that indicate their evolutionary origin in a common ancestor;
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pictures of similarities in early embryos showing that amphibians, reptiles, birds and human beings are all descended from a fish-like animal;
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Archaeopteryx, a fossil bird with teeth in its jaws and claws on its wings, the missing link between ancient reptiles and modern birds;
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peppered moths on tree trunks, showing how camouflage and predatory birds produced the most famous example of evolution by natural selection;
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DarwinÂ’s finches on the Galapagos Islands, thirteen separate species that diverged from one when natural selection produced differences in their beaks, and that inspired Darwin to formulate his theory of evolution;
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fruit flies with an extra pair of wings, showing that genetic mutations can provide the raw materials for evolution;
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a branching-tree pattern of horse fossils that refutes the old-fashioned idea that evolution was directed; and
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drawings of ape-like creatures evolving into humans, showing that we are just animals and that our existence is merely a by-product of purposeless natural causes.
Would Charles Darwin be a Darwinist Today?
In 1859, Charles Darwin wrote:
“If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.” – On the Origin of the Species, page 171
Since then, the work of science has brought to light numerous organs that could not have possibly formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications. In Darwin’s day, Scientists knew about the cell but no one had ever been able to peer inside of one. Cells are among the examples of things that Michael Behe calls “irreducibly complex”.
Something is irreducibly complex when it is so complex that it cannot be reduced to anything less and still function. Think of a mouse trap, for example. All of the parts of the mousetrap must be in place before it can properly work. If just once piece of the mouse trap is missing (e.g. the spring or the hammer), then it could not possibly perform the task of catching mice. Thus, it is “irreducibly complex”.
An irreducibly complex system or thing cannot have an intermediate state. Remember, evolution gets rid of that which does not work and keeps only that which does work. Organs such as the eye must have all of the parts or it will not work. It could not have become an eye over time; it must have been there at all once or else it would have never before functioned. Look at how complex the eye is. It is irreducibly complex. You take away one part of the eye and you have nothing that functions.
Darwin knew some about the eye and realized the problem he faced. On page 167 of the Origin of the Species he wrote,
“To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree.”
Darwin today could not be a Darwinist. Science disproves his own theories. It “absolutely break
down” when one understand that inside of each cell there are about 3,000 million pairs of the genetic alphabetic letters. Further, each body has trillions of cells and “makes millions of new cells every second, but each cell is irreducibly complex and contains irreducibly complex subsystems!” (Geisler and Turek, “I Don’t Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist”, pgs. 145-6). True, he would most likely still be atheistic and would hold to some other scientific system. One thing however, is for sure: he could not be a Darwinist.
Conclusion
One small article can just begin to see the tip of the iceberg in the debate of Creationism vs. Darwinism. These two ideologies also just barely begin to describe the reasons for what it means to either be created in the image of God or to have evolved without ultimate purpose. There are innumerable books and resources that will further your understand of the subject. However, after being introduced to the debate there are some things we must keep in mind.
■Macroevolution is a scientific theory that explains the origin of different species, but not the ultimate beginning.
■Evolution is not the same thing as the “Big Bang”.
■Evolution and Creationism are contradictory. Therefore, both cannot be correct answers to the question, “Who Are We?”. This also means that the mediating position of Theistic Evolution must by default be wrong as well.
■Creationists cannot discount the claims of science. True science is a genuine pursuit of the truth. Good science is the friend, rather than foe, of religion.
■Scientific theories such as evolution are interpretations of the facts by scientists. Science does not interpret itself.
Lesson 09: Who Are We? « Truth Matters