Conservatism is the idea that government shouldn't do much beyond basic protection of our rights... and that those right do NOT include health care, employment, regulating our toilets and light bulbs, or even forcing people into a "safety net". When someone attacks us or threatens to, government becomes much bigger to defend us from them. But aside from that, government should be relatively small, and stay that way.
National defense, foreign relations, setting standards, coining money, running nationwide courts, and other such functions are what the Federal government should confine itself to. Basically, things that protect our fundamental rights, are vital to our wellbeing, and that CANNOT be carried out by states or lower government.
Modern liberals will point to someone who's having a tough time, can't provide food for his family, can't pay a medical bill etc., and somehow jump to the conclusion that our central government should be the one helping him (actually forcing other taxpayers to help him). They are wrong, of course. Since the only things government is capable of, is punishing and restricting its citizens, it should do as little as possible, and leave "The states and the people" to take care of the rest (also known as "living their lives"), either individually or by forming groups (companies, charities etc.) to do things.