What Bush Sr and Clinton inherited from Reagan is DEBT. Years of running deficits accumulate and add to the DEBT.
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Debt vs Deficit
The government takes in revenues, or receipts, through income taxes, social insurance taxes, etc. The government also spends money every year (also known as outlays) on a variety of different things, including social security, defense spending, etc. etc.
If the government spends more than it takes in over the course of one year, then it has run a deficit. A deficit applies to just one year.
When the government runs a deficit, then it must borrow money to make up the difference.
A debt is completely different. Think of debt as accumulated deficits. Each year, the deficit is added to the debt.
If the government has to borrow money every year, then its debt will continue to grow year-after-year. This debt does not disappear unless the government elects to try and pay it down.
The debt usually grows year-after-year. With each additional deficit, the debt continues to grow.
Some people think that if a government takes in more money than it spends in one year, then it suddenly doesn't have any debt. This is not the case. This simply means that the government has managed to run a surplus (opposite of deficit), but any accumulated debt is still there.
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From the website Historical Tables, go to left ledger> Past Budgets > Fiscal Year 2000 > A Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget
Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget: Fiscal Year 2000
4. The Budget Surplus and Fiscal Discipline
In 1998 the Federal budget reported a surplus of $69 billion, the first surplus since 1969, and reduced Federal debt held by the public by over $50 billion. With continued prudent fiscal policies, the budget can remain in surplus for many years. The turnaround from deficit to surplus can be attributed to fiscal discipline and strong economic growth. The change from deficit to surplus is an important milestone.
Put simply, a surplus occurs when revenues exceed spending in any year- just as a deficit occurs when spending exceeds revenues. Generally, to finance past deficits, the Treasury has borrowed money. With certain exceptions, the debt is the sum total of our deficits, minus our surplus, over the years.
The Government incurred its first deficit in 1792, and it generated 70 annual deficits between 1900 and 1997.
For most of the Nation's history, deficits were the result of either wars or recessions. Wars necessitated major increases in military spending, while recessions reduced Federal tax revenues from businesses and individuals.
The Government generated deficits during the War of 1812, the recession of 1837, the Civil War, the depression of the 1890s, and World War I. Once the war ended or the economy began to grow, the Government followed its deficits with budget surplus, with which it paid down the debt.
Deficits returned in 1931 and remained for the rest of the decade-due to the Great Depression and the spending associated with President Roosevelt's New Deal. Then, World War II forced the Nation to spend unprecedented amounts on defense and to incur corresponding unprecedented deficits.
Since then-with Democratic and Republican Presidents, Democratic and Republican Congresses-the Government has balanced its books only nine times, most recently last year.
Nevertheless, the deficits before 1981 paled in comparison to what followed. That year, the Government cut income tax rates and greatly increased defense spending, but it did not cut non-defense programs enough to make up the difference. Also, the recession of the early 1980s reduced Federal revenues, increased Federal outlays for unemployment insurance and similar programs that are closely tied to economic conditions, and forced the Government to pay interest on more national debt at a time when interest rates were high. As a result, the deficit soared.
Surplus and Debt
If the Government incurs a surplus, it generally repays debt held by the public.
Federal borrowing involves the sale, to the public, of notes and bonds of varying sizes and time periods until maturity. The cumulative amount of borrowing from the public-i.e.,
the debt held by the public-is the most important measure of Federal debt because it is what the Government has borrowed in the private markets over the years, and it determines how much the Government pays in interest to the public.
Debt held by the public was $3.7 trillion at the end of 1998-roughly the net effect of deficits and surplus over the last 200 years. Debt held by the public does not include debt the Government owes itself-the total of all trust fund surplus and deficits over the years, like the Social Security surplus, which the law says must be invested in Federal securities.
Because of the progress in eliminating the budget deficit, the debt held by the public has been reduced for the first time in 29 years.