Whatever will Leons' Tesla company do? What about all the Obiden charger stations?
< such a waste of trillions in that phony New Green Steal >
Change to hybrid?
Develop a decent battery?
Develop a fuel cell?
Change to other power source?
We may already be there;
Abstract
Room-temperature sodiumāsulfur (NaāS) batteries offer a sustainable energy storage solution to conventional lithium (Li)-based systems<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Liu, R. et al. Establishing reaction networks in the 16-electron sulfur reduction reaction. Nature 626, 98ā104 (2024)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Pan, H. et al. Non-encapsulation approach for high-performance LiāS batteries through controlled nucleation and growth. Nat. Energy 2, 813ā820 (2017)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Liao, M. et al. Hybrid polymer network cathode-enabled soluble-polysulfide-free lithiumāsulfur batteries. Nat. Sustain. 7, 1709ā1718 (2024)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">3</a>, owing to the high element abundances and theoretical electrochemical performance<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Bai, R. et al. Preferable single-atom catalysts enabled by natural language processing for high energy density Na-S batteries. Nat. Commun. 16, 5827 (2025)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Zhao, L. et al. A critical review on room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries: from research advances to practical perspectives. Adv. Mater. 36, 2402337 (2024)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">5</a>. However, their practical applications have been severely hindered by the low discharge voltages and the need for largely excessive Na metal anode<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Yao, W. et al. Rechargeable metal-sulfur batteries: key materials to mechanisms. Chem. Rev. 124, 4935ā5118 (2024)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="He, J., Bhargav, A., Shin, W. & Manthiram, A. Stable dendrite-free sodiumāsulfur batteries enabled by a localized high-concentration electrolyte. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 20241ā20248 (2021)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Lei, Y.-J. et al. Understanding the charge transfer effects of single atoms for boosting the performance of NaāS batteries. Nat. Commun. 15, 3325 (2024)." href="
High-voltage anode-free sodiumĆ¢ā¬āsulfur batteries - Nature">8</a>. Here we report a 3.6 V class NaāS battery featuring a high-valence sulfur/sulfur tetrachloride (S/SCl4) cathode chemistry and anode-free configuration. We show that sodium dicyanamide (NaDCA) can simultaneously unlock reversible S/SCl4 conversion and Na plating/stripping in a non-flammable chloroaluminate electrolyte. This design enables the maximum energy and power densities of 1,198āWhākgā1 and 23,773āWākgā1, respectively, calculated on the basis of the total electrode mass including both the cathode and the anode. Also, we demonstrate facilitated S/SCl4 conversion by incorporating a bismuth-coordinated covalent organic framework (Bi-COF) catalyst (8āwt% loading) into the S cathode, which realizes an impressive discharge capacity of 1,206āmAhāg(sulfur+catalyst)ā1, contributing to a maximum energy density of 2,021āWhākgā1 calculated on the basis of the total electrode mass. With an estimated cost of US$5.03 per kWh and excellent scalability, our anode-free NaāS battery shows promise in grid energy storage and wearable electronics.
A new architecture based on high-valence sulfur/sulfur tetrachloride cathode chemistry is described for manufacturing high-voltage anode-free sodiumāsulfur batteries, demonstrating promise for applications in grid energy storage and wearable electronics.
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