Now, sir, here is a mass of privileges, immunities, and rights, some of them secured by the second section of the fourth article of the
Constitution, which I have recited, some by the first eight amendments of the Constitution; and it is a fact well worthy of attention that the course of
decision of our courts and the present settled do ctrine is, that all these immunities, privileges, rights, thus guarantied by the Constitution or recognized by it, are se
cured to the citizen solely as a citizen of the United States and as a party in their courts. They do not operate in the slightest degree as a restraint or prohibition upon State legislation. Statesare not affected by them, and it has been repeatedly held that the restriction contained in the Constitution against the taking of private property for public use without just compensation is not a restriction upon State legislation, but applies only to the legislation of Congress.
Now, sir, there is no power given in the Constitution to enforce and to carry out any of these guarantees. They are not powers granted by the Constitution to Congress, and of course do not come within the sweeping clause of the Constitution authorizing Congress to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the foregoing or granted powers,
but they stand simply as a bill of rights in the Constitution, without power on the part of Congress to give them full effect; while at the same time the States are not restrained from violating the principles embraced inthem except by their own local constitutions, whichmay be altered from year to year. The great object of the first section of this amendment is, therefore, to restrain the power of the States and compel them at all times to respect these great fundamental guarantees. . . . This is done by the
fifth section of this amendment, which declares that "the Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article." Here is a direct affirmative delegation of power to Congress to carry out all the principles of all these guarantees, a power not found in the Constitution.
SENATOR JACOB HOWARD, SPEECH
INTRODUCING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
Speech delivered in the U.S. Senate, May 23, 1866
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/conlaw/senatorhowardspeechonthefourteenthamendment.pdf